تخم
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See also: تحم
Arabic
Etymology 1
| Root |
|---|
| و خ م (w ḵ m) |
| 6 terms |
From a corruption of the verb اِتَّخَمَ (ittaḵama) or from a resegmentation of تُخْمَة (tuḵma, “indigestion”).
Verb
تَخِمَ • (taḵima) I (non-past يَتْخَمُ (yatḵamu), verbal noun تَخَم (taḵam))
- to suffer indigestion, to be troubled with glut
Conjugation
Conjugation of تَخِمَ (I, sound, i ~ a, no passive, verbal noun تَخَم)
| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
تَخَم taḵam | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
تَخِم taḵim | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | تَخِمْتُ taḵimtu |
تَخِمْتَ taḵimta |
تَخِمَ taḵima |
تَخِمْتُمَا taḵimtumā |
تَخِمَا taḵimā |
تَخِمْنَا taḵimnā |
تَخِمْتُمْ taḵimtum |
تَخِمُوا taḵimū | |||
| f | تَخِمْتِ taḵimti |
تَخِمَتْ taḵimat |
تَخِمَتَا taḵimatā |
تَخِمْتُنَّ taḵimtunna |
تَخِمْنَ taḵimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أَتْخَمُ ʔatḵamu |
تَتْخَمُ tatḵamu |
يَتْخَمُ yatḵamu |
تَتْخَمَانِ tatḵamāni |
يَتْخَمَانِ yatḵamāni |
نَتْخَمُ natḵamu |
تَتْخَمُونَ tatḵamūna |
يَتْخَمُونَ yatḵamūna | |||
| f | تَتْخَمِينَ tatḵamīna |
تَتْخَمُ tatḵamu |
تَتْخَمَانِ tatḵamāni |
تَتْخَمْنَ tatḵamna |
يَتْخَمْنَ yatḵamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَتْخَمَ ʔatḵama |
تَتْخَمَ tatḵama |
يَتْخَمَ yatḵama |
تَتْخَمَا tatḵamā |
يَتْخَمَا yatḵamā |
نَتْخَمَ natḵama |
تَتْخَمُوا tatḵamū |
يَتْخَمُوا yatḵamū | |||
| f | تَتْخَمِي tatḵamī |
تَتْخَمَ tatḵama |
تَتْخَمَا tatḵamā |
تَتْخَمْنَ tatḵamna |
يَتْخَمْنَ yatḵamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَتْخَمْ ʔatḵam |
تَتْخَمْ tatḵam |
يَتْخَمْ yatḵam |
تَتْخَمَا tatḵamā |
يَتْخَمَا yatḵamā |
نَتْخَمْ natḵam |
تَتْخَمُوا tatḵamū |
يَتْخَمُوا yatḵamū | |||
| f | تَتْخَمِي tatḵamī |
تَتْخَمْ tatḵam |
تَتْخَمَا tatḵamā |
تَتْخَمْنَ tatḵamna |
يَتْخَمْنَ yatḵamna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اِتْخَمْ itḵam |
اِتْخَمَا itḵamā |
اِتْخَمُوا itḵamū |
||||||||
| f | اِتْخَمِي itḵamī |
اِتْخَمْنَ itḵamna | ||||||||||
Noun
تَخَم • (taḵam) m
- verbal noun of تَخِمَ (taḵima) (form I)
Declension
Declension of noun تَخَم (taḵam)
Etymology 2
Noun
تُخَم • (tuḵam) pl
Etymology 3
From Aramaic תְּחוּמָא (təḥūmā, “border, limit”).
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Noun
تُخْم or تَخْم • (tuḵm or taḵm) m (plural تُخُوم (tuḵūm) or تُخُم (tuḵum))
- frontier, border, limit, boundary
- 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 20:106:
- جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَبِ مَا بَيْنَ الْوَادِي إِلَى أَقْصَى الْيَمَنِ إِلَى تُخُومِ الْعِرَاقِ إِلَى الْبَحْرِ.
- jazīratu l-ʕarabi mā bayna l-wādī ʔilā ʔaqṣā l-yamani ʔilā tuḵūmi l-ʕirāqi ʔilā l-baḥri.
- The island of Arabia lies between Al-Wadi to the extremes of the Yemen extending to the frontiers of Al Iraq and the sea.
Declension
Declension of noun تُخْم (tuḵm); تَخْم (taḵm)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | تُخْم; تَخْم tuḵm; taḵm |
التُّخْم; التَّخْم at-tuḵm; at-taḵm |
تُخْم; تَخْم tuḵm; taḵm |
| Nominative | تُخْمٌ; تَخْمٌ tuḵmun; taḵmun |
التُّخْمُ; التَّخْمُ at-tuḵmu; at-taḵmu |
تُخْمُ; تَخْمُ tuḵmu; taḵmu |
| Accusative | تُخْمًا; تَخْمًا tuḵman; taḵman |
التُّخْمَ; التَّخْمَ at-tuḵma; at-taḵma |
تُخْمَ; تَخْمَ tuḵma; taḵma |
| Genitive | تُخْمٍ; تَخْمٍ tuḵmin; taḵmin |
التُّخْمِ; التَّخْمِ at-tuḵmi; at-taḵmi |
تُخْمِ; تَخْمِ tuḵmi; taḵmi |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | تُخْمَيْن; تَخْمَيْن tuḵmayn; taḵmayn |
التُّخْمَيْن; التَّخْمَيْن at-tuḵmayn; at-taḵmayn |
تُخْمَيْ; تَخْمَيْ tuḵmay; taḵmay |
| Nominative | تُخْمَانِ; تَخْمَانِ tuḵmāni; taḵmāni |
التُّخْمَانِ; التَّخْمَانِ at-tuḵmāni; at-taḵmāni |
تُخْمَا; تَخْمَا tuḵmā; taḵmā |
| Accusative | تُخْمَيْنِ; تَخْمَيْنِ tuḵmayni; taḵmayni |
التُّخْمَيْنِ; التَّخْمَيْنِ at-tuḵmayni; at-taḵmayni |
تُخْمَيْ; تَخْمَيْ tuḵmay; taḵmay |
| Genitive | تُخْمَيْنِ; تَخْمَيْنِ tuḵmayni; taḵmayni |
التُّخْمَيْنِ; التَّخْمَيْنِ at-tuḵmayni; at-taḵmayni |
تُخْمَيْ; تَخْمَيْ tuḵmay; taḵmay |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | تُخُوم; تُخُم tuḵūm; tuḵum |
التُّخُوم; التُّخُم at-tuḵūm; at-tuḵum |
تُخُوم; تُخُم tuḵūm; tuḵum |
| Nominative | تُخُومٌ; تُخُمٌ tuḵūmun; tuḵumun |
التُّخُومُ; التُّخُمُ at-tuḵūmu; at-tuḵumu |
تُخُومُ; تُخُمُ tuḵūmu; tuḵumu |
| Accusative | تُخُومًا; تُخُمًا tuḵūman; tuḵuman |
التُّخُومَ; التُّخُمَ at-tuḵūma; at-tuḵuma |
تُخُومَ; تُخُمَ tuḵūma; tuḵuma |
| Genitive | تُخُومٍ; تُخُمٍ tuḵūmin; tuḵumin |
التُّخُومِ; التُّخُمِ at-tuḵūmi; at-tuḵumi |
تُخُومِ; تُخُمِ tuḵūmi; tuḵumi |
Etymology 4
Denominal verb of تُخْم (tuḵm) or from Aramaic תָּחַם (tāḥam), תְּחַם (təḥam, “to delimit”), which is denominal from תְּחוּם (təḥūm, “border, limit”).
Verb
تَخَمَ • (taḵama) I (non-past يَتْخِمُ (yatḵimu))
- to delimit
Conjugation
Conjugation of تَخَمَ (I, sound, a ~ i, full passive (?))
| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
— | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
تَاخِم tāḵim | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَتْخُوم matḵūm | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | تَخَمْتُ taḵamtu |
تَخَمْتَ taḵamta |
تَخَمَ taḵama |
تَخَمْتُمَا taḵamtumā |
تَخَمَا taḵamā |
تَخَمْنَا taḵamnā |
تَخَمْتُمْ taḵamtum |
تَخَمُوا taḵamū | |||
| f | تَخَمْتِ taḵamti |
تَخَمَتْ taḵamat |
تَخَمَتَا taḵamatā |
تَخَمْتُنَّ taḵamtunna |
تَخَمْنَ taḵamna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أَتْخِمُ ʔatḵimu |
تَتْخِمُ tatḵimu |
يَتْخِمُ yatḵimu |
تَتْخِمَانِ tatḵimāni |
يَتْخِمَانِ yatḵimāni |
نَتْخِمُ natḵimu |
تَتْخِمُونَ tatḵimūna |
يَتْخِمُونَ yatḵimūna | |||
| f | تَتْخِمِينَ tatḵimīna |
تَتْخِمُ tatḵimu |
تَتْخِمَانِ tatḵimāni |
تَتْخِمْنَ tatḵimna |
يَتْخِمْنَ yatḵimna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَتْخِمَ ʔatḵima |
تَتْخِمَ tatḵima |
يَتْخِمَ yatḵima |
تَتْخِمَا tatḵimā |
يَتْخِمَا yatḵimā |
نَتْخِمَ natḵima |
تَتْخِمُوا tatḵimū |
يَتْخِمُوا yatḵimū | |||
| f | تَتْخِمِي tatḵimī |
تَتْخِمَ tatḵima |
تَتْخِمَا tatḵimā |
تَتْخِمْنَ tatḵimna |
يَتْخِمْنَ yatḵimna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَتْخِمْ ʔatḵim |
تَتْخِمْ tatḵim |
يَتْخِمْ yatḵim |
تَتْخِمَا tatḵimā |
يَتْخِمَا yatḵimā |
نَتْخِمْ natḵim |
تَتْخِمُوا tatḵimū |
يَتْخِمُوا yatḵimū | |||
| f | تَتْخِمِي tatḵimī |
تَتْخِمْ tatḵim |
تَتْخِمَا tatḵimā |
تَتْخِمْنَ tatḵimna |
يَتْخِمْنَ yatḵimna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اِتْخِمْ itḵim |
اِتْخِمَا itḵimā |
اِتْخِمُوا itḵimū |
||||||||
| f | اِتْخِمِي itḵimī |
اِتْخِمْنَ itḵimna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | تُخِمْتُ tuḵimtu |
تُخِمْتَ tuḵimta |
تُخِمَ tuḵima |
تُخِمْتُمَا tuḵimtumā |
تُخِمَا tuḵimā |
تُخِمْنَا tuḵimnā |
تُخِمْتُمْ tuḵimtum |
تُخِمُوا tuḵimū | |||
| f | تُخِمْتِ tuḵimti |
تُخِمَتْ tuḵimat |
تُخِمَتَا tuḵimatā |
تُخِمْتُنَّ tuḵimtunna |
تُخِمْنَ tuḵimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُتْخَمُ ʔutḵamu |
تُتْخَمُ tutḵamu |
يُتْخَمُ yutḵamu |
تُتْخَمَانِ tutḵamāni |
يُتْخَمَانِ yutḵamāni |
نُتْخَمُ nutḵamu |
تُتْخَمُونَ tutḵamūna |
يُتْخَمُونَ yutḵamūna | |||
| f | تُتْخَمِينَ tutḵamīna |
تُتْخَمُ tutḵamu |
تُتْخَمَانِ tutḵamāni |
تُتْخَمْنَ tutḵamna |
يُتْخَمْنَ yutḵamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُتْخَمَ ʔutḵama |
تُتْخَمَ tutḵama |
يُتْخَمَ yutḵama |
تُتْخَمَا tutḵamā |
يُتْخَمَا yutḵamā |
نُتْخَمَ nutḵama |
تُتْخَمُوا tutḵamū |
يُتْخَمُوا yutḵamū | |||
| f | تُتْخَمِي tutḵamī |
تُتْخَمَ tutḵama |
تُتْخَمَا tutḵamā |
تُتْخَمْنَ tutḵamna |
يُتْخَمْنَ yutḵamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُتْخَمْ ʔutḵam |
تُتْخَمْ tutḵam |
يُتْخَمْ yutḵam |
تُتْخَمَا tutḵamā |
يُتْخَمَا yutḵamā |
نُتْخَمْ nutḵam |
تُتْخَمُوا tutḵamū |
يُتْخَمُوا yutḵamū | |||
| f | تُتْخَمِي tutḵamī |
تُتْخَمْ tutḵam |
تُتْخَمَا tutḵamā |
تُتْخَمْنَ tutḵamna |
يُتْخَمْنَ yutḵamna | |||||||
References
- “tḥwm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- “tḥm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 282
- Freytag, Georg (1830) “تخم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 187
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “تخم”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 299
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “تخم”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 137
Persian
Etymology
From Parthian (twxm /tōxm/, “seed, line, race”), from Proto-Iranian *táwxma (compare Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥- (taoxman-, “seed”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewk- (“germ, seed, sprout, offspring”). Compare Old Armenian տոհմ (tohm), an Iranian borrowing.
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key):
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key):
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key):
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | tuxm |
| Dari reading? | tuxm |
| Iranian reading? | toxm |
| Tajik reading? | tuxm |
Noun
| Dari | تخم |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | тухм |
تخم • (toxm)
Derived terms
Descendants
- → Azerbaijani: toxum
- → Ottoman Turkish: تخم (tohum), توخوم (tohum)
- → Bashkir: тоҡом (toqom)
- → Kazakh: тұқым (tūqym)
- → Urdu: تخم (tuxm)
- → Uyghur: تۇخۇم (tuxum, “egg”)
- → Uzbek: tuxum (“egg”)
Urdu
Etymology
From Classical Persian تخم (tuxm, “seed; semen; origin”).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /t̪ʊxm/
- Rhymes: -ʊxm
Noun
تُخْم • (tuxm) m (Hindi spelling तुख़्म)
Derived terms
Derived terms
- تُخْمَہ (tuxma, “offspring”)
- تُخْمی (tuxmī, “seedling”)
- تُخْمِ عِشْق (tuxm-e-'iśq, “seed of love”)
- تُخْم ریز (tuxm-rez, “sower”)
- تُخْم ریزی (tuxm-rezī, “sowing”)
- تُخْم پاشی (tuxm-pāśī, “sowing”)
- تُخْمِ مُرْغ (tuxm-e-murġ, “chicken egg”)
- تُخْم بازی (tuxm-bāzī)
- تخم ریحاں (tuxm-e-rehā̃, “sweet basil seed”)
- تُخْمِ کَتاں (tuxm-e-katā̃, “linseed”)
- تُخْمِ حَرام (tuxm-e-harām, “ill-willed”)
References
- “تخم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “تخم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
- Platts, John T. (1884) “تخم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
- “تخم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary , Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.