ظلم

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Arabic

Root
ظ ل م (ẓ l m)
12 terms

Etymology

    Compare Aramaic טלם.

    Verb

    ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) I (non-past يَظْلِمُ (yaẓlimu), verbal noun ظَلْم (ẓalm) or ظُلْم (ẓulm) or مَظْلِمَة (maẓlima) or مَظْلَمَة (maẓlama) or ظِلَام (ẓilām))

    1. to wrong, to treat unjustly, to oppress
      • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 42:42:
        إِنَّمَا السَّبِيلُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَظْلِمُونَ النَّاسَ وَيَبْغُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
        ʔinnamā s-sabīlu ʕalā llaḏīna yaẓlimūna an-nāsa wayabḡūna fī l-ʔarḍi biḡayri l-ḥaqqi ʔulāʔika lahum ʕaḏābun ʔalīmun
        Indeed, the blame lieth only upon those ones who oppress Man, and who are insolent throughout the earth without any right whatsoever. They are those for whom a punishment most painful .

    Conjugation

    References

    Verb

    ظَلِمَ (ẓalima) I (non-past يَظْلَمُ (yaẓlamu), verbal noun ظَلَم (ẓalam))

    1. to become dark

    Conjugation

    Verb

    ظَلَّمَ (ẓallama) II (non-past يُظَلِّمُ (yuẓallimu), verbal noun تَظْلِيم (taẓlīm))

    1. to be in the least unjust

    Conjugation

    Noun

    ظُلْم (ẓulmm

    1. verbal noun of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) (form I)
    2. wrong, wrongdoing, injustice, injuriousness, tyranny

    Declension

    Synonyms

    Descendants

    References

    Noun

    ظُلَم (ẓulamf pl

    1. plural of ظُلْمَة (ẓulma)

    Noun

    ظَلْم (ẓalmm

    1. verbal noun of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) (form I)

    Declension

    Hijazi Arabic

    Root
    ظ ل م
    1 term

    Etymology 1

    Learned borrowing from Arabic ظَلَمَ (ẓalama).

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /zˤa.lam/, /ðˤa.lam/

    Verb

    ظَلَم (ẓalam) I (non-past يِظْلُم (yiẓlum))

    1. to wrong, to treat unjustly, to oppress
    Conjugation
        Conjugation of ظلم (ẓalam)
    singular plural
    1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
    past m ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلم (ẓalam) ظلمنا (ẓalamna) ظلمتوا (ẓalamtu) ظلموا (ẓalamu)
    f ظلمتي (ẓalamti) ظلمت (ẓalamat)
    non-past m أظلم (ʔaẓlum) تظلم (tiẓlum) يظلم (yiẓlum) نظلم (niẓlum) تظلموا (tiẓlumu) يظلموا (yiẓlumu)
    f تظلمي (tiẓlumi) تظلم (tiẓlum)
    imperative m اظلم (aẓlum) اظلموا (aẓlumu)
    f اظلمي (aẓlumi)

    Etymology 2

    From Arabic ظَلَّمَ (ẓallama).

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /dˤal.lam/, /ðˤal.lam/

    Verb

    ظَلَّمْ (ḍallam) II (non-past يِظَلِّم (yiḍallim))

    1. to get dark
    Conjugation
        Conjugation of ظلم (ḍallam)
    singular plural
    1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
    past m ظلمت (ḍallamt) ظلمت (ḍallamt) ظلم (ḍallam) ظلمنا (ḍallamna) ظلمتوا (ḍallamtu) ظلموا (ḍallamu)
    f ظلمتي (ḍallamti) ظلمت (ḍallamat)
    non-past m أظلم (ʔaḍallim) تظلم (tiḍallim) يظلم (yiḍallim) نظلم (niḍallim) تظلموا (tiḍallimu) يظلموا (yiḍallimu)
    f تظلمي (tiḍallimi) تظلم (tiḍallim)
    imperative m ظلم (ḍallim) ظلموا (ḍallimu)
    f ظلمي (ḍallimi)

    Etymology 3

    Learned borrowing from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm).

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    ظلم (ẓulmm

    1. injustice, injuriousness, tyranny

    Ottoman Turkish

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm, wrongdoing, injustice).

    Noun

    ظلم (zulm or zulüm) (definite accusative ظلمی (zulümü), plural ظلملر (zulümler))

    1. wrongdoing, injustice, wrong, the violation of the rights of another person or people
      Synonym: جور (cevr)
    2. tyranny, despotism, autocracy, a government in which a single ruler has absolute power
      Synonym: جور (cevr)
    3. oppression, the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
      Synonym: جور (cevr)

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    Further reading

    Persian

    Etymology

      Borrowed from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm).

      Pronunciation

      Readings
      Classical reading? zulm
      Dari reading? zulm
      Iranian reading? zolm
      Tajik reading? zulm

      Noun

      ظلم (zulm / zolm)

      1. cruelty, injustice, inhumanity
      2. oppression, tyranny
      3. (verbal noun) oppressing

      Derived terms

      Descendants

      Further reading

      • Bulkin, Carleton (2012) “ظلم”, in Dari-English/English-Dari practical dictionary, 2nd edition, New York: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 250
      • Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “ظلم”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
      • Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “ظلم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
      • ظلم”, in قاموس کبیر افغانستان [qāmūs-i kabīr-i afğānistān, The Great Dictionary of Afghanistan] (in Persian), Afghan Dictionary, 2023

      South Levantine Arabic

      Root
      ظ ل م
      1 term

      Etymology

      Learned borrowing from Arabic ظَلَمَ (ẓalama).

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): /zˤa.lam/,
      • Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

      Verb

      ظلم (ẓalam) I (present بظلم (boẓlom), passive participle مظلوم (maẓlūm))

      1. to wrong, to treat unjustly
      2. to oppress

      Conjugation

          Conjugation of ظلم (ẓalam)
      singular plural
      1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
      past m ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلم (ẓalam) ظلمنا (ẓalamna) ظلمتو (ẓalamtu) ظلمو (ẓalamu)
      f ظلمتي (ẓalamti) ظلمت (ẓalmat)
      present m بظلم (baẓlom) بتظلم (btoẓlom) بظلم (boẓlom) منظلم (mnoẓlom) بتظلمو (btoẓlomu) بظلمو (boẓlomu)
      f بتظلمي (btoẓlomi) بتظلم (btoẓlom)
      subjunctive m أظلم (ʔaẓlom) تظلم (toẓlom) يظلم (yoẓlom) نظلم (noẓlom) تظلمو (toẓlomu) يظلمو (yoẓlomu)
      f تظلمي (toẓlomi) تظلم (toẓlom)
      imperative m اظلم (oẓlom) اظلمو (oẓlomu)
      f اظلمي (oẓlomi)

      Urdu

      Etymology

      Borrowed from Classical Persian ظُلْم (zulm, injustice), from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm)).

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      ظُلْم (ẓulmm (Hindi spelling ज़ुल्म)

      1. wrongdoing, misdeed, injustice
        Synonym: ناانصافی (nāinsāfī)
      2. tyranny, oppression
        Synonym: جبر (jabr)

      Declension

          Declension of ظلم
      singular plural
      direct ظُلم (ẓulm) ظُلم (ẓulm)
      oblique ظُلم (ẓulm) ظُلموں (ẓulmõ)
      vocative ظُلم (ẓulm) ظُلمو (ẓulmo)

      References

      • ظلم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
      • ظلم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary , Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.