ظلم

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Arabic

Root
ظ ل م (ẓ l m)
12 terms

Etymology

Compare Aramaic טלם.

Verb

ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) I (non-past يَظْلِمُ (yaẓlimu), verbal noun ظَلْم (ẓalm) or ظُلْم (ẓulm) or مَظْلِمَة (maẓlima) or مَظْلَمَة (maẓlama) or ظِلَام (ẓilām))

  1. to wrong, to treat unjustly, to oppress
    • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 42:42:
      إِنَّمَا السَّبِيلُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَظْلِمُونَ النَّاسَ وَيَبْغُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
      ʔinnamā s-sabīlu ʕalā llaḏīna yaẓlimūna an-nāsa wayabḡūna fī l-ʔarḍi biḡayri l-ḥaqqi ʔulāʔika lahum ʕaḏābun ʔalīmun
      Indeed, the blame lieth only upon those ones who oppress Man, and who are insolent throughout the earth without any right whatsoever. They are those for whom a punishment most painful .

Conjugation

References

Verb

ظَلِمَ (ẓalima) I (non-past يَظْلَمُ (yaẓlamu), verbal noun ظَلَم (ẓalam))

  1. to become dark

Conjugation

Verb

ظَلَّمَ (ẓallama) II (non-past يُظَلِّمُ (yuẓallimu), verbal noun تَظْلِيم (taẓlīm))

  1. to be in the least unjust

Conjugation

Noun

ظُلْم (ẓulmm

  1. verbal noun of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) (form I)
  2. wrong, wrongdoing, injustice, injuriousness, tyranny

Declension

Synonyms

Descendants

References

Noun

ظُلَم (ẓulamf pl

  1. plural of ظُلْمَة (ẓulma)

Noun

ظَلْم (ẓalmm

  1. verbal noun of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) (form I)

Declension

Hijazi Arabic

Root
ظ ل م
1 term

Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Arabic ظَلَمَ (ẓalama).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /zˤa.lam/, /ðˤa.lam/

Verb

ظَلَم (ẓalam) I (non-past يِظْلُم (yiẓlum))

  1. to wrong, to treat unjustly, to oppress
Conjugation
    Conjugation of ظلم (ẓalam)
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
past m ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلم (ẓalam) ظلمنا (ẓalamna) ظلمتوا (ẓalamtu) ظلموا (ẓalamu)
f ظلمتي (ẓalamti) ظلمت (ẓalamat)
non-past m أظلم (ʔaẓlum) تظلم (tiẓlum) يظلم (yiẓlum) نظلم (niẓlum) تظلموا (tiẓlumu) يظلموا (yiẓlumu)
f تظلمي (tiẓlumi) تظلم (tiẓlum)
imperative m اظلم (aẓlum) اظلموا (aẓlumu)
f اظلمي (aẓlumi)

Etymology 2

From Arabic ظَلَّمَ (ẓallama).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /dˤal.lam/, /ðˤal.lam/

Verb

ظَلَّمْ (ḍallam) II (non-past يِظَلِّم (yiḍallim))

  1. to get dark
Conjugation
    Conjugation of ظلم (ḍallam)
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
past m ظلمت (ḍallamt) ظلمت (ḍallamt) ظلم (ḍallam) ظلمنا (ḍallamna) ظلمتوا (ḍallamtu) ظلموا (ḍallamu)
f ظلمتي (ḍallamti) ظلمت (ḍallamat)
non-past m أظلم (ʔaḍallim) تظلم (tiḍallim) يظلم (yiḍallim) نظلم (niḍallim) تظلموا (tiḍallimu) يظلموا (yiḍallimu)
f تظلمي (tiḍallimi) تظلم (tiḍallim)
imperative m ظلم (ḍallim) ظلموا (ḍallimu)
f ظلمي (ḍallimi)

Etymology 3

Learned borrowing from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm).

Pronunciation

Noun

ظلم (ẓulmm

  1. injustice, injuriousness, tyranny

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm, wrongdoing, injustice).

Noun

ظلم (zulm or zulüm) (definite accusative ظلمی (zulümü), plural ظلملر (zulümler))

  1. wrongdoing, injustice, wrong, the violation of the rights of another person or people
    Synonym: جور (cevr)
  2. tyranny, despotism, autocracy, a government in which a single ruler has absolute power
    Synonym: جور (cevr)
  3. oppression, the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
    Synonym: جور (cevr)

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm).

Pronunciation

Readings
Classical reading? zulm
Dari reading? zulm
Iranian reading? zolm
Tajik reading? zulm

Noun

ظلم (zulmzolm)

  1. cruelty, injustice, inhumanity
  2. oppression, tyranny
  3. (verbal noun) oppressing

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

  • Bulkin, Carleton (2012) “ظلم”, in Dari-English/English-Dari practical dictionary, 2nd edition, New York: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 250
  • Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “ظلم”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
  • Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “ظلم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
  • ظلم”, in قاموس کبیر افغانستان [qāmūs-i kabīr-i afğānistān, The Great Dictionary of Afghanistan] (in Persian), Afghan Dictionary, 2023

South Levantine Arabic

Root
ظ ل م
1 term

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic ظَلَمَ (ẓalama).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /zˤa.lam/,
  • Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

Verb

ظلم (ẓalam) I (present بظلم (boẓlom), passive participle مظلوم (maẓlūm))

  1. to wrong, to treat unjustly
  2. to oppress

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ظلم (ẓalam)
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
past m ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلمت (ẓalamt) ظلم (ẓalam) ظلمنا (ẓalamna) ظلمتو (ẓalamtu) ظلمو (ẓalamu)
f ظلمتي (ẓalamti) ظلمت (ẓalmat)
present m بظلم (baẓlom) بتظلم (btoẓlom) بظلم (boẓlom) منظلم (mnoẓlom) بتظلمو (btoẓlomu) بظلمو (boẓlomu)
f بتظلمي (btoẓlomi) بتظلم (btoẓlom)
subjunctive m أظلم (ʔaẓlom) تظلم (toẓlom) يظلم (yoẓlom) نظلم (noẓlom) تظلمو (toẓlomu) يظلمو (yoẓlomu)
f تظلمي (toẓlomi) تظلم (toẓlom)
imperative m اظلم (oẓlom) اظلمو (oẓlomu)
f اظلمي (oẓlomi)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ظُلْم (zulm, injustice), from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm)).

Pronunciation

Noun

ظُلْم (zulmm (Hindi spelling ज़ुल्म)

  1. wrongdoing, misdeed, injustice
    Synonym: ناانصافی (nāinsāfī)
  2. tyranny, oppression
    Synonym: جبر (jabr)

Declension

Declension of ظلم
singular plural
direct ظُلم (zulm) ظُلم (zulm)
oblique ظُلم (zulm) ظُلموں (zulmō̃)
vocative ظُلم (zulm) ظُلمو (zulmō)

References

  • ظلم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
  • ظلم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary , Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.