فاغرة

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See also: فاغره

Arabic

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Alternative forms

Etymology

While the variants presuppose a Persian ***فاگِره (***fâgira, Szechuan pepper), it is spread in Persian as فاخِره (fâxere), interpreted from فَخر (faxr) due to the vainglory fostered by the dearthful spice, but still headworded sometimes فاغِره (fâğere), which distribution in contrast with the Arabic as in غَوْشَنَة (ḡawšana) and أُشْتُرْغَار (ʔušturḡār) again indicates Persian borrowing in Arabic, though even the native Persian lexicographers favour explanation by Arabic active participle feminines, after the roots فَغَرَ (faḡara) and فَجَرَ (fajara), which would refer to the half-open berries revealing the seeds, or the ethnomedical use of dispersing swellings and freeing network vessels pertinent to the root of Zanthoxylum avicennae, also reflected in the plants' Persian names کبابه شکافته (kabâbe šekâfte, literally cleft cubeb) and دهان باز (dahân bâz, literally open mouth), but appears a phono-semantic matching from Chinese 花椒 (MC xwae tsjew)—perhaps with a third word.

Pronunciation

Noun

فَاغِرَة (fāḡiraf

  1. Sichuan pepper (any of the spice plants under the Zanthoxylum genus and their produce)
    • 975–997, محمد بن أحمد الخوارزمي [muḥammad ibn ʕaḥmad al-ḵwārizmī], edited by Gerlof van Vloten, مفاتيح العلوم [mafātīḥ al-ʕulūm], Leiden: E. J. Brill, published 1895, page 171, line 10:
    • 1025, ابن سينا [Avicenna], القانون في الطب [Canon Medicinae]:
      فاغرة (var. فاكرة).
      الماهية: حب يشبه الحمص له حب كالمحلب وفي جوفه حب أسود كالشهدانج يحمل من السفالة.
      الطبع: حارة يابسة في الثالثة.
      الخواص: فيها تحليل وقبض.
      أعضاء الغذاء: يدخل في الأدوية المصلحة للمعدة والكبد الباردتين وينفع من سوء الاستمراء البارد.
      أعضاء النفض: ينفع من الإسهال البارد ويعقل البطن.
      Sichuan pepper:
      Its essence: The fruit resembles chickpeas, it has fruits like mahaleb cherry, and in its inner it is black like hempseed, bearing fruit from below.
      Its nature: Hot and dry in the third degree.
      Its peculiarities: In it there is discharging and constipation.
      Alimentary organs: It is put into drugs by reason of availing the stomach and the liver when they are cold and it is useful against calamities of cold appetite.
      Excretory organs: It helps against cold diarrhoea and constricts the belly.
    • a. 1248, ابن البيطار [Ibn al-Bayṭār], الجامع لمفردات الأدوية والأغذية [De simplicibus medicinis opus magnum]:
      فاغرة: ابن ماسه: الفاغرة حارة يابسة في الدرجة الثانية تدخل في الأدوية المصلحة للكبد والمعدة. إسحاق بن عمران: الفاغرة هي حبة تشبه حبة الحمصة، وفي داخلها حبة صغيرة مدحرجة سوداء ظاهرها الأعلى أصهب وعصارتها يتمضمض بها من الريح في الفم فتنفعه والفاغرة تتصرف في النضوجات واللخالخ وما أشبههما. غيره: تحلل وتقبض وتعقل البطن.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Descendants

Further reading

  • Austin, Daniel F., Felger, Richard S. (2008) “Sichuan Peppers and the Etymology of Fagara (Rutaceae)”, in Economic Botany, volume 62, number 4, →DOI, pages 567–573
  • Seidel, Ernst (1915) “Die Medizin im Kitâb Mafâtîḥ al ʿUlûm”, in Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Sozietät zu Erlangen (in German), volume 47, page 42 Anm. 104