जल
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Bhojpuri
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala)
Noun
जल (jal) m (Kaithi 𑂔𑂪)
Hindi
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 (jala), from जल (jalá).
Noun
जल • (jal) m (Urdu spelling جل)
Declension
Declension of जल (masc cons-stem)
Related terms
Etymology 2
Verb
जल • (jal)
- inflection of जलना (jalnā):
Marathi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala). Doublet of जळ (jaḷ).
Pronunciation
Noun
जल • (jal) n
Declension
| Declension of जल (neut cons-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
जल jal | ||
| direct plural |
जले, जलं jale, jala | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
जल jal |
जले, जलं jale, jala | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
जला jalā |
जलां- jalān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
जलाला jalālā |
जलांना jalānnā | |
| ergative | जलाने, जलानं jalāne, jalāna |
जलांनी jalānnī | |
| instrumental | जलाशी jalāśī |
जलांशी jalānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
जलात jalāt |
जलांत jalāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
जला jalā |
जलांनो jalānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of जल (neut cons-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
जलाचा jalāċā |
जलाचे jalāċe |
जलाची jalācī |
जलाच्या jalācā |
जलाचे, जलाचं jalāċe, jalāċa |
जलाची jalācī |
जलाच्या jalācā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
जलांचा jalānċā |
जलांचे jalānċe |
जलांची jalāñcī |
जलांच्या jalāncā |
जलांचे, जलांचं jalānċe, jalānċa |
जलांची jalāñcī |
जलांच्या jalāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
Derived terms
- भूजल (bhūjal, “groundwater”)
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “जल”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
Nepali
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jalá).
Pronunciation
Noun
जल • (jal)
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
Noun
जल n
- Devanagari script form of jala (“water”)
Declension
Declension table of "जल" (neuter)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | जलं (jalaṃ) | जलानि (jalāni) |
| Accusative (second) | जलं (jalaṃ) | जलानि (jalāni) |
| Instrumental (third) | जलेन (jalena) | जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | जलस्स (jalassa) or जलाय (jalāya) or जलत्थं (jalatthaṃ) | जलानं (jalānaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | जलस्मा (jalasmā) or जलम्हा (jalamhā) or जला (jalā) | जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | जलस्स (jalassa) | जलानं (jalānaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | जलस्मिं (jalasmiṃ) or जलम्हि (jalamhi) or जले (jale) | जलेसु (jalesu) |
| Vocative (calling) | जल (jala) | जलानि (jalāni) |
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- জল (Assamese script)
- ᬚᬮ (Balinese script)
- জল (Bengali script)
- 𑰕𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
- ဇလ (Burmese script)
- જલ (Gujarati script)
- ਜਲ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌜𑌲 (Grantha script)
- ꦗꦭ (Javanese script)
- 𑂔𑂪 (Kaithi script)
- ಜಲ (Kannada script)
- ជល (Khmer script)
- ຊລ (Lao script)
- ജല (Malayalam script)
- ᡯᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘕𑘩 (Modi script)
- ᠽᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦵𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐖𑐮 (Newa script)
- ଜଲ (Odia script)
- ꢙꢭ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆘𑆬 (Sharada script)
- 𑖕𑖩 (Siddham script)
- ජල (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩣𑩽 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚑𑚥 (Takri script)
- ஜல (Tamil script)
- జల (Telugu script)
- ชล (Thai script)
- ཛ་ལ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒖𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨥𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology 1
From जल् (jal, “to be sharp; to be stiff or dull”).
Pronunciation
Adjective
जल • (jalá) stem
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | जलः jaláḥ |
जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹ |
जलाः / जलासः¹ jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹ |
| Vocative | जल jála |
जलौ / जला¹ jálau / jálā¹ |
जलाः / जलासः¹ jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | जलम् jalám |
जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹ |
जलान् jalā́n |
| Instrumental | जलेन jaléna |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | जलाय jalā́ya |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | जलात् jalā́t |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | जलस्य jalásya |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलानाम् jalā́nām |
| Locative | जले jalé |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलेषु jaléṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
| Feminine ā-stem declension of जला (jalā́) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | जला jalā́ |
जले jalé |
जलाः jalā́ḥ |
| Vocative | जले jále |
जले jále |
जलाः jálāḥ |
| Accusative | जलाम् jalā́m |
जले jalé |
जलाः jalā́ḥ |
| Instrumental | जलया / जला¹ jaláyā / jalā́¹ |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलाभिः jalā́bhiḥ |
| Dative | जलायै jalā́yai |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलाभ्यः jalā́bhyaḥ |
| Ablative | जलायाः / जलायै² jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai² |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलाभ्यः jalā́bhyaḥ |
| Genitive | जलायाः / जलायै² jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai² |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलानाम् jalā́nām |
| Locative | जलायाम् jalā́yām |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलासु jalā́su |
| Notes |
| ||
| Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | जलम् jalám |
जले jalé |
जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹ |
| Vocative | जल jála |
जले jále |
जलानि / जला¹ jálāni / jálā¹ |
| Accusative | जलम् jalám |
जले jalé |
जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹ |
| Instrumental | जलेन jaléna |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | जलाय jalā́ya |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | जलात् jalā́t |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | जलस्य jalásya |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलानाम् jalā́nām |
| Locative | जले jalé |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलेषु jaléṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Noun
जल • (jalá) stem, m
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | जलः jaláḥ |
जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹ |
जलाः / जलासः¹ jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹ |
| Vocative | जल jála |
जलौ / जला¹ jálau / jálā¹ |
जलाः / जलासः¹ jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | जलम् jalám |
जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹ |
जलान् jalā́n |
| Instrumental | जलेन jaléna |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | जलाय jalā́ya |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | जलात् jalā́t |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | जलस्य jalásya |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलानाम् jalā́nām |
| Locative | जले jalé |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलेषु jaléṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Etymology 2
Of unclear origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelHo-, from *gʷel- (“to dribble; gush forth; spring; squirt; throw”), and thus cognate with गल् (gal, “to drip”) and German quellen (“(of water) to well, issue forth”). A local substrate origin is possible, though quite unlikely due to the word being attested in Vedic texts and lacking typical substrate features (e.g. retroflexion, variation between aspirated and deaspirated forms). Related to Vedic Sanskrit जलाष (jalāṣa), of uncertain meaning; not related to Latin gelū (“frost”).
Noun
जल • (jalá) stem, n
- water
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:जल
Declension
| Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | जलम् jalám |
जले jalé |
जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹ |
| Vocative | जल jála |
जले jále |
जलानि / जला¹ jálāni / jálā¹ |
| Accusative | जलम् jalám |
जले jalé |
जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹ |
| Instrumental | जलेन jaléna |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | जलाय jalā́ya |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | जलात् jalā́t |
जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām |
जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | जलस्य jalásya |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलानाम् jalā́nām |
| Locative | जले jalé |
जलयोः jaláyoḥ |
जलेषु jaléṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Synonyms
- पानीय (pānīya)
Descendants
- Prakrit: 𑀚𑀮 (jala)
- Gandhari: 𐨗𐨫 (jala)
- Pali: jala
- → Kannada: ಜಲ (jala)
- → Malayalam: ജലം (jalaṁ)
- → Tamil: ஜலம் (jalam)
- → Telugu: జలము (jalamu)
- → Sinhalese: ජලය (jalaya)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “जल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 414/2.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “jarbhárī - jálāṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “jartaḥ — jalūkā”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 423