सम

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Hindi

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit सम (sama), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (same). Doublet of हम (ham), a Persian borrowing. Cognate of English same.

Pronunciation

Adjective

सम (sam) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling سم)

  1. same
  2. even, equal
    समकोणsamkoṇright angle
  3. homogeneous
  4. (arithmetic) even (divisible by two)
    Antonym: विषम (viṣam)

Derived terms

Pali

Alternative forms

Adjective

सम

  1. Devanagari script form of sama

Declension

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás (same), from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (same).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama), Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /⁠hama⁠/) (whence Persian هم (ham)), Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, same), Latin similis, Old English sama (whence English same).

Pronunciation

Adjective

सम (samá) stem

  1. same, equal, alike
  2. (with instrumental or genitive) equivalent to, like, identical to
  3. even, smooth, flat, plain, level

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सम
singular dual plural
nominative समः (samáḥ) समौ (samaú)
समा¹ (samā́¹)
समाः (samā́ḥ)
समासः¹ (samā́saḥ¹)
vocative सम (sáma) समौ (sámau)
समा¹ (sámā¹)
समाः (sámāḥ)
समासः¹ (sámāsaḥ¹)
accusative समम् (samám) समौ (samaú)
समा¹ (samā́¹)
समान् (samā́n)
instrumental समेन (saména) समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समैः (samaíḥ)
समेभिः¹ (samébhiḥ¹)
dative समाय (samā́ya) समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समेभ्यः (samébhyaḥ)
ablative समात् (samā́t) समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समेभ्यः (samébhyaḥ)
genitive समस्य (samásya) समयोः (samáyoḥ) समानाम् (samā́nām)
locative समे (samé) समयोः (samáyoḥ) समेषु (saméṣu)
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of समा
singular dual plural
nominative समा (samā́) समे (samé) समाः (samā́ḥ)
vocative समे (sáme) समे (sáme) समाः (sámāḥ)
accusative समाम् (samā́m) समे (samé) समाः (samā́ḥ)
instrumental समया (samáyā)
समा¹ (samā́¹)
समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समाभिः (samā́bhiḥ)
dative समायै (samā́yai) समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समाभ्यः (samā́bhyaḥ)
ablative समायाः (samā́yāḥ)
समायै² (samā́yai²)
समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समाभ्यः (samā́bhyaḥ)
genitive समायाः (samā́yāḥ)
समायै² (samā́yai²)
समयोः (samáyoḥ) समानाम् (samā́nām)
locative समायाम् (samā́yām) समयोः (samáyoḥ) समासु (samā́su)
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of सम
singular dual plural
nominative समम् (samám) समे (samé) समानि (samā́ni)
समा¹ (samā́¹)
vocative सम (sáma) समे (sáme) समानि (sámāni)
समा¹ (sámā¹)
accusative समम् (samám) समे (samé) समानि (samā́ni)
समा¹ (samā́¹)
instrumental समेन (saména) समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समैः (samaíḥ)
समेभिः¹ (samébhiḥ¹)
dative समाय (samā́ya) समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समेभ्यः (samébhyaḥ)
ablative समात् (samā́t) समाभ्याम् (samā́bhyām) समेभ्यः (samébhyaḥ)
genitive समस्य (samásya) समयोः (samáyoḥ) समानाम् (samā́nām)
locative समे (samé) समयोः (samáyoḥ) समेषु (saméṣu)
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

  • Assamese: সোঁ (xü̃, right)
  • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀫 (sama)
  • Pali: sama
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀫 (sama)
  • Punjabi: ਸਮ (sam)

Borrowed terms

  • Indonesian: sama (same, equal)
  • Malay: sama (same, equal)

References

  • Monier Williams (1899) “सम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1152/1.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 703