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U+3059, す
HIRAGANA LETTER SU

Hiragana

Japanese

Stroke order
2 strokes

Etymology 1

Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji in the cursive sōsho style.

Pronunciation

Syllable

(su

  1. The hiragana syllable (su). Its equivalent in katakana is (su). It is the thirteenth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is (sa-gyō u-dan, row sa, section u).
Derived terms
See also

Etymology 2

Alternative spellings


From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki of 712,[1] and included in the Man'yōshū with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling (su).[2] In turn, from Proto-Japonic *su.

Pronunciation

Noun

(su (su)?

  1. , , : nest, hive, den
    クモ()
    kumo no su
    spider's web

Etymology 3

Alternative spellings


From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *su. Ultimate derivation uncertain.

  • Perhaps a native Japanese term, with the su reading somehow related to the way that very sour things cause one to pucker.
  • Alternatively, from Middle Chinese (MC tshuH). Borrowed earlier (vinegar was historically introduced to Japan in the 300-400s from China) than the systematic introduction of kanji, thus later mistaken as a native Japanese term. Compare modern Mandarin () or Cantonese (cou3).

Pronunciation

Noun

(su (su)?

  1. , , : vinegar (condiment)
    バルサミコ()
    barusamiko-su
    balsamic vinegar
Derived terms
Idioms
Synonyms

Etymology 4

Alternative spellings

From Old Japanese.[6]

Possibly a loanword from Middle Chinese (MC tsyuw).[6]

Pronunciation

Noun

(su (su)?

  1. , : sandbank, sandbar

Etymology 5

Alternative spelling

From Old Japanese.

Verb

(su

  1. (archaic) to do
  2. (archaic) to cause, become
Conjugation
Derived terms

Etymology 6

The original form of the causative ending. Ultimately cognate with (su), the ancient form of modern する (suru, to do).

In a modern synchronic analysis, sometimes analyzed as a contraction of せる (seru).

Suffix

(-sugodan (stem (-shi), past した (-shita))

  1. (chiefly dialectal and colloquial) Alternative form of せる (seru, causative suffix)
Conjugation

References

  1. ^ 巣・栖・窼”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 892:
    , text available online here
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 す 【州・洲】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *su.

Verb

(su)

  1. to do
  2. to happen, occur
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3624:
      和礼乃未夜欲布祢波許具登於毛敞礼婆於伎敝能可多爾可治能於等奈里
      ware no2mi2 ya yo1pune pa ko2gu to2 omope1reba oki1pe1 no2 kata ni kadi no2 oto2 su nari
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  3. to be in a state of something
  4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    • 711–712, Kojiki, section 20:
      佐韋賀波用久毛多知和多理宇泥備夜麻許能波佐夜芸奴加是布加牟登
      Sawi-gapa yo1 kumo1 tatiwatari Unebi2-yama ko2no2pa sayagi1nu kaze pukamu to2 su
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation
Descendants
  • Japanese: (su)する (suru)
    • Kagoshima dialect: すっ (su')

Etymology 2

Attaches to 未然形 (mizenkei, irrealis or incomplete form) of 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, quadrigrade conjugation) and サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, s-irregular conjugation) verbs.

Verb

(-su)

  1. indicates light respect and slight affection
    • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 2:
      ...佐加志賣遠阿理登岐加弖久波志賣遠阿理登伎許志弖佐用婆比爾阿理多多用婆比阿理加用婆...
      ...sakasi me1 wo ari to2 ki1kasite kupasi me1 wo ari to2 ki1ko2site sa-yo1bapi1 ni ari tatasi yo1bapi1 ni ari kayo1pase
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 1:
      ...此岳尓菜採兒家吉閑名告根...
      ...ko2no2 woka ni na tumasu ko1 ipe1 ki1kana no2rasane...
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation

Etymology 3

Possibly cognate with modern Korean (sae, bird).

Suffix

(-su)

  1. representing birds
Derived terms