とし

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See also: とじ

Japanese

Etymology 1

Alternative spellings
年
歳

/to2si/ invalid IPA characters (2) → /tosi/ → /toɕi/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təsi. Originally referred to grain, particularly rice, and by extension, the year's harvest.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

とし • (toshi) ←とし (tosi)?

  1. (obsolete) grain, particularly rice
  2. (obsolete) a grain harvest, a grain crop
  3. a year
  4. age
  5. (specifically) used to describe the age of someone who should not do things inappropriate for their age
    Synonym: いいとし (ii toshi)
    歳(とし)なので
    toshi nanode
    because one is no longer young
Derived terms

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of とし – see the following entries.
【都市】
city; town
【杜詩】
(poetry) poetry of Du Fu
【妬視】
(literary, uncommon) looking with envy
(literary, uncommon) to look enviously
【徒死】
dying in vain
to die in vain
(This term, とし (toshi), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as とし, see Category:Japanese kanji read as とし.)

Etymology 3

Alternative spellings
利し
鋭し
敏し
聆し
疾し
捷し

Adjective

とし • (toshi) †-ku

  1. 利し, 鋭し: sharp
  2. 敏し, 聆し: smart, clever
  3. 疾し, 捷し: fast, quick
  4. 疾し, 鋭し: powerful, intense
Derived terms

Inflection

Classical conjugation of "とし" (ク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) とく
とから		 toku
tokara
Continuative (連用形) とく
とかり		 toku
tokari
Terminal (終止形) とし tosi
Attributive (連体形) とき
とかる		 toki
tokaru
Realis (已然形) とけれ tokere
Imperative (命令形) とかれ tokare
Key constructions
Negative とからず tokarazu
Contrasting conjunction とけれど tokeredo
Causal conjunction とければ tokereba
Conditional conjunction とくば tokuba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) とかりき tokariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) とかりけり tokarikeri
Adverbial とく toku
Without auxiliary verb.
With auxiliary verb.

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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