亢

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亢 U+4EA2, 亢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA2
← 亡
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亣 →

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

亢 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹弓 (YHN), four-corner 00217, composition ⿱亠几)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №399

Derived characters

Further reading

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for 亢:
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Wikisource


  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 288
  • Dae Jaweon: page 185, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 280, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4EA2

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 亢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 亢
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
b15195
b15196
b15197
b15198
b15199
b15200
b15201
b15202
s07527
Transcribed ancient scripts
L10045
L10046
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
笐 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs
亢 *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs
牨 *kaːŋ
苀 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
魧 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
迒 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
邟 *kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼 *kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ
骯 *kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗 *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
炕 *kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ
伉 *kʰaːŋs
閌 *kʰaːŋs
犺 *kʰaːŋs
蚢 *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊 *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
阬 *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
頏 *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
航 *ɡaːŋ
杭 *ɡaːŋ
沆 *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
肮 *ɡaːŋ
吭 *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔 *kraːŋ
坑 *kʰraːŋ
劥 *kʰraːŋ

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 亢
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 唐 (101)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦浪切
Baxter khangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰɑŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰɑŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/kʰɑŋH/
Wang
Li 		/kʰɑŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰɑŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hong3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 亢
Reading # 2/2
No. 7367
Phonetic
component 		亢
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		抗
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰaːŋs/

Definitions

亢

  1. high; arrogant; haughty
    高亢  ―  gāokàng  ―  (of sound) loud and sonorous; excited; high spirits; (of appearance) haughty
    不卑不亢  ―  bùbēibùkàng  ―  neither obsequious nor supercilious
  2. firm; resolute
    亢直  ―  kàngzhí  ―  upright and outspoken
  3. dry; arid; drought
    亢旱  ―  kànghàn  ―  severe drought
  4. extreme; too much
  5. exceed; excessive
  6. ridge of a roof
  7. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Neck (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)
  8. a surname

Etymology 2

Pronunciation 1

Rime
Character 亢
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 唐 (101)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古郎切
Baxter kang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kɑŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kɑŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gong1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 亢
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k-ŋˁaŋ/
English lift high

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 亢
Reading # 1/2
No. 7357
Phonetic
component 		亢
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		岡
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːŋ/
Definitions

亢

  1. † neck
    alt. forms: 頏 / 颃 (hāng), 肮
  2. † throat
    alt. forms: 頏 / 颃 (hāng), 肮

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

亢

  1. Variant pronunciation of sense “neck” above.
  2. Variant pronunciation of sense “throat” above.
    alt. forms: 吭
  3. † carotid artery
  4. † footprint, mark, trace
    alt. forms: 迒 (háng)

Compounds

References

  • 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

Japanese

Kanji

亢

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

  • On (unclassified): こう (kō)
  • Kun: たかぶる (takaburu, 亢る)

Korean

Hanja

亢 (eum 항 (hang))

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Vietnamese

Han character

亢: Hán Nôm readings: cang, khảng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia