余
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Translingual
| Japanese | 余 余 余 |
|---|---|
| Simplified | 余 余 馀 |
| Traditional | 余 餘 餘 |
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character
余 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人一木 (OMD), four-corner 80904, composition ⿱亼朩)
Derived characters
- 俆 凃 唋 徐 悇 捈 梌 涂 狳 㻌 畭 硢 稌 䋡 䍱 艅 蜍 賖 䟻 酴 除 䩣 餘(馀) 駼(𬳿) 鮽 鵌(𱉸) 䞮 途 敍 敘(叙) 斜 䣄 雓 䳜(𫛬) 庩 筡 荼 峹 嵞 悆 畬
- 𡌘 𡝐 𡷣 𤙛 𤬀 𥚤 𥺌 𧧶 𨌎 𠄜 𫒟 𪊸 𪑏 𪝃 𢧅 𣁏 𤫿 𠐸 𠑝 𤶠 𨴩 𡨀 𡸂 𥥸 𡌆 𢚒 𣥳 𦛝 𠎳 𠕨 𫀟
- 𭴯 𬡛 𭫧 𭭳 𮀉 𬹡 𭣒
Related characters
- 餘 (Traditional form of 余)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 99, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 515
- Dae Jaweon: page 208, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 128, character 4
- Unihan data for U+4F59
Usage notes
- This character is not to be confused with visually similar but unrelated 佘.
- Note that 余 is also the simplified form of 餘 in mainland China and Japan. However, in traditional Chinese, 余 and 餘 are two distinct characters.
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 余 | |||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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 j01462  j01463  j01464  j01465  j01466  j01467  j01468  j01469  j01470  j01471  j01472  j01473  j01474  j01475  j01476  j01477  j01478  j01479  j01480  j01481  j01482  j01483  j01484  j01485  j01486  j01487  j01488  j01489  j01490  j01491  j01492  j01493  j01494  j01495  j01496  j01497  j01498  j01499  j01500  j01501  j01502  j01503  j01504  j01505  j01506  j01507  j01508  j01509  j01510  j01511  j01512  j01513  j01514  j01515  j01516  j01517  j01518  j01519  j01520  j01521  j01522  j01523  j01524  j01525  j01526  j01527  j01528  j01529  j01530  j01531  j01532  j01533  j01534  j01535  j01536  j01537  j01538  j01539  b01075  b01076  b01077  b01078  b01079  b01080  b01081  b01082  b01083  b01084  b01085  b01086  b01087  b01088  b01089  b01090  b01091  b01092  b01093  b01094  b01095  b01096  b01097  b01098  b01099  b01100  b01101  b01102  b01103  b01104 b01105  b01106  b01107  b01108 b01109  b01110  b01111  b01112  b01113  b01114  b01115  b01116  b01117  b01118  b01119  b01120  b01121  b01122  b01123  b01124  b01125 Transcribed ancient scripts  L30508  L30509  L30510  L30511  L30512  L02638  L02639  L02640  L02641  L02642  L02643  L02644  L02645  L02646  L02647  L02648  L02649  L02650 | |||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 斜 | *lja, *laː |
| 茶 | *rlaː |
| 荼 | *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː |
| 梌 | *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 搽 | *rlaː |
| 塗 | *rlaː, *l'aː |
| 佘 | *ɦlja |
| 賒 | *hljaː |
| 畬 | *hljaː, *la |
| 舍 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 捨 | *hljaːʔ |
| 騇 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 涻 | *hljaːs |
| 稌 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 悇 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las |
| 庩 | *l̥ʰaː |
| 捈 | *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 途 | *l'aː |
| 酴 | *l'aː |
| 駼 | *l'aː |
| 鵌 | *l'aː, *la |
| 涂 | *l'aː, *l'a |
| 嵞 | *l'aː |
| 峹 | *l'aː |
| 筡 | *l'aː, *l̥ʰa |
| 蒤 | *l'aː |
| 徐 | *lja |
| 俆 | *lja |
| 敘 | *ljaʔ |
| 漵 | *ljaʔ |
| 除 | *l'a, *l'as |
| 篨 | *rla |
| 滁 | *rla |
| 蒢 | *rla |
| 蜍 | *ɦlja, *la |
| 鵨 | *hljaː |
| 瑹 | *hlja |
| 余 | *la |
| 餘 | *la |
| 艅 | *la |
| 狳 | *la |
| 雓 | *la |
| 悆 | *las |
Pictogram (象形) – thatched cottage; house. Original form of 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs, “house”).
Etymology 1
| For pronunciation and definitions of 余 – see 餘 (“to remain; to have left; time after an event; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 餘). |
Notes:
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Etymology 2
| simp. and trad. |
余 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𠎳 | |
- “I; me”
- Related to 予 (OC *la, “I”), 台 (OC *lɯ, “I”) and 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ, “my; I”), forming the *l- series of first-person Old Chinese personal pronouns. This series is commonly used by Shang Dynasty kings to refer to themselves.
- In contrast, Old Chinese also had the *ŋ- series of first-person pronouns, represented by 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”) and 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː, “I”), which became more widely used over time.
- Further etymology is obscure (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): y1
- Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): y2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6yu
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yú
- Wade–Giles: yü2
- Yale: yú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
- Palladius: юй (juj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /y³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyu4
- Yale: yùh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy4
- Guangdong Romanization: yu4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: yi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ji²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: rhi
- Sinological IPA: /ʒi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: y1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /y¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀
- Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: y2
- Sinological IPA (key): /y¹³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: û
- Tâi-lô: û
- Phofsit Daibuun: uu
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /u²³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Singapore): /u²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, variant in Taiwan, Singapore)
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: e5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ṳ̂
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɯ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: yo
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*la/
- (Zhengzhang): /*la/
Definitions
余
Synonyms
- (I):
Dialectal synonyms of 我 (“I”)
Compounds
Descendants
Etymology 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of 余 – see 佘. (This character is a variant form of 佘). |
Etymology 4
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tú
- Wade–Giles: tʻu2
- Yale: tú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
余
Etymology 5
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄩˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: syú
- Wade–Giles: hsü2
- Yale: syú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyu
- Palladius: сюй (sjuj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕy³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
余
- Only used in 余吾.
Etymology 6
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sié
- Wade–Giles: hsieh2
- Yale: syé
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shye
- Palladius: се (se)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
余
- Only used in 褒余.
Etymology 7
| For pronunciation and definitions of 余 – see 豫 (“big elephant”). (This character is a variant form of 豫). |
Japanese
Kanji
余
- a personal pronoun
Readings
Kanji
| 余 | |
| 餘 |
Glyph origin
Simplified from 餘 (elimination of 𩙿).
余
(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 餘)
Readings
- Go-on: よ (yo, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: よ (yo, Jōyō)
- Kun: あまる (amaru, 余る, Jōyō)、あます (amasu, 余す, Jōyō)、あまり (amari, 余り)
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 余 |
| よ Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 餘 (kyūjitai) |
From Middle Chinese 餘 (MC yo).
Pronunciation
Noun
- over, more than, a little more than, plus, upwards of
-
- 遠洋へ漁にでると、一ヶ月、マグロなら二ヶ月の余も、海の上で暮すのである。
- En'yō e ryō ni deru to, ikkagetsu, maguro nara nikagetsu no yo mo, umi no ue de kurasu no de aru.
- When they go out to the open sea to fish, they live on the sea for one month, more than two months if fishing for tuna.
- 遠洋へ漁にでると、一ヶ月、マグロなら二ヶ月の余も、海の上で暮すのである。
-
- other
- remainder
Suffix
- over, more than, a little more than, plus, upwards of
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- その時私は鉄砲洲に住て居て、鉄砲洲から小石川まで頓て二里余もありましょう
- sono toki watashi wa Teppōzu ni sumatte ite, Teppōzu kara Koishikawa made yagate niri-yo mo arimashō
- I was living in Teppōzu then, and there is likely around two plus ri from Teppōzu to Koishikawa
- その時私は鉄砲洲に住て居て、鉄砲洲から小石川まで頓て二里余もありましょう
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- しかし、いろ／＼合せて、もう千余枚を數へる印畫のアルバムを時折繰眺めるのは、樂く愉快である。
- Shikashi, iroiro awasete, mō sen-yomai o kazoeru inga no arubamu o tokiori kuri nagameru no wa, tanoshiku yukai de aru.
- However, it is fun and delightful to flip through and gaze at my album of prints from time to time, which now number more than one thousand altogether.
- しかし、いろ／＼合せて、もう千余枚を數へる印畫のアルバムを時折繰眺めるのは、樂く愉快である。
-
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 余 |
| よ Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 予 |
From Middle Chinese 余 (MC yo).
Pronunciation
Pronoun
- I, me (first-person pronoun)
- 1909, Isikawa Takuboku, Romazi Nikki
- Yo wa Sai wo aisiteru; aisiteru kara koso kono Nikki wo yomase taku nai no da.
- I love my Wife; it is precisely because I love her that I do not want her to read this Diary.
- 1909, Isikawa Takuboku, Romazi Nikki
Korean
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
- Phonetic hangul:
Hanja
余 (eum 여 (yeo))
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Vietnamese
Han character
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