凝
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Translingual
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Han character
凝 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 133, character 45
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
- Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
- Unihan data for U+51DD
Chinese
| trad. | 凝 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 凝 | |
| 2nd round simp. | 泞 | |
| alternative forms | 冰 𣲝 𡷪 𠘥 瓊／琼 Cantonese "to coagulate" | |
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ)
Etymology 1
Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake".
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nyin2
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ning1
- Northern Min (KCR): ngǐ
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngìng / ngĭk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gnin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyin2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: níng
- Wade–Giles: ning2
- Yale: níng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
- Palladius: нин (nin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /niŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nyin2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nin
- Sinological IPA (key): /nʲin²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jing4 / king4
- Yale: yìhng / kìhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: jing4 / king4
- Guangdong Romanization: ying4 / king4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: king4 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngen3 / ken3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡen²²/, /kʰen²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
Note: ken3 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
Note: kên4 - "ice".
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ning1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /nĩŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋi²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngìng / ngĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiŋ⁵³/, /ŋiʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- ngìng - literary;
- ngĭk - vernacular.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Tong'an, Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
- Tâi-lô: kiân
- Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
- IPA (Xiamen, Tong'an, Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kiɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giân
- Tâi-lô: giân
- Phofsit Daibuun: gieen
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn²⁴/
Note:
- gêng - literary;
- kiân - vernacular ("to coagulate");
- giân - vernacular ("not moving").
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngêng5 / nging5 / geng5 / gêng5 / ngang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngîng / kṳ̂ng / kêng / ngâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /keŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- ngêng5/nging5 - literary (nging5 - Chaoyang);
- geng5/gêng5 - vernacular ("to coagulate") (geng5 - Chaozhou, Shantou; gêng5 - Jieyang);
- ngang5 - vernacular ("cold").
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 凝 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /niŋ³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /niŋ²⁴/ ～固 /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了 | |
| Tianjin | /niŋ⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /niŋ²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /ȵiə̃²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /niŋ⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ȵiŋ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /nin²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ȵin³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /nin²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /nĩ³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /lin²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /lin⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /niəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ȵiŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /nĩŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ȵin¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ȵin²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ȵaŋ³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /niʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | ||
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵin¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ȵin¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰen¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | ||
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jeŋ²¹/ |
| Nanning | /neŋ²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /jiŋ²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giŋ³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋiŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋi²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: nging, ngingH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*(r)əŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋrɯŋ/, /*ŋrɯŋs/
Definitions
凝
- to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
- to focus; to concentrate (attention)
- to stop; to be still
- slow; sluggish
- deep; gorgeous
- (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, of eyes) not moving; staring blankly
- (Teochew) cold
- (Hakka) ice
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”)
Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”)
Compounds
- 冷凝 (lěngníng)
- 冷凝劑／冷凝剂
- 冷凝器
- 冷凝管
- 凝乳 (níngrǔ)
- 凝佇
- 凝冱
- 凝凍／凝冻
- 凝凝
- 凝咽 (níngyè)
- 凝固 (nínggù)
- 凝固劑／凝固剂
- 凝固點／凝固点
- 凝妝／凝妆
- 凝寒
- 凝思 (níngsī)
- 凝想
- 凝態／凝态
- 凝慮／凝虑
- 凝望 (níngwàng)
- 凝水石
- 凝滯／凝滞 (níngzhì)
- 凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)
- 凝然
- 凝目 (níngmù)
- 凝眄
- 凝眸 (níngmóu)
- 凝睇 (níngdì)
- 凝神 (níngshén)
- 凝視／凝视 (níngshì)
- 凝視點／凝视点
- 凝結／凝结 (níngjié)
- 凝結作用／凝结作用
- 凝結反應／凝结反应
- 凝網／凝网
- 凝練／凝练 (níngliàn)
- 凝聚 (níngjù)
- 凝聚力 (níngjùlì)
- 凝聽／凝听 (níngtīng)
- 凝脂 (níngzhī)
- 凝膠體／凝胶体
- 凝華／凝华 (nínghuá)
- 凝血因子 (níngxuè yīnzǐ)
- 凝血現象／凝血现象
- 凝血障礙／凝血障碍
- 凝重 (níngzhòng)
- 凝鍊／凝炼 (níngliàn)
- 凝集 (níngjí)
- 凝雨
- 凝霜 (níngshuāng)
- 凝霰
- 凝香
- 屏息凝氣／屏息凝气
- 屏息凝視／屏息凝视
- 屏氣凝神／屏气凝神
- 抗凝血劑／抗凝血剂
- 混凝
- 混凝劑／混凝剂
- 混凝土
- 端凝
- 絮凝 (xùníng)
- 血液凝固
- 酸凝酪 (suānnínglào)
Etymology 2
| trad. | 凝 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 凝 | |
Pronunciation
Definitions
凝
Japanese
Kanji
凝
- congeal
Readings
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
凝 (eum 응 (eung))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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