劣
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Translingual
Alternative forms
- A CJK compatibility ideograph exists at
U+F99Dwith no change in composition. - Note that in Japanese Kanji, Korean Hanja and Vietnamese Nom, the middle stroke of the top component 小 is written 亅 with a hook whereas in modern Chinese scripts the middle stroke is written 丨 with no downward hook.
Han character
劣 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火竹大尸 (FHKS), four-corner 90427, composition ⿱少力)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2302
- Dae Jaweon: page 330, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 5
- Unihan data for U+52A3
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
劣 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 劣 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 少 (“little, less”) + 力 (“strength”). 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews) also functions as phonetic.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nie2 / ne2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): liet6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): lyeh4
- Northern Min (KCR): lṳĕ
- Eastern Min (BUC): luók
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8liq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lie6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄝˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: liè
- Wade–Giles: lieh4
- Yale: lyè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lieh
- Palladius: ле (le)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɛ⁵¹/
- (Beijing dialect, colloquial)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄩㄝˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lyuè
- Wade–Giles: lüeh4
- Yale: lywè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liueh
- Palladius: люэ (ljue)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ly̯ɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nie2 / ne2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lie / le
- Sinological IPA (key): /niɛ²¹/, /nɛ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: lyut3 / lyut6
- Yale: lyut / lyuht
- Cantonese Pinyin: lyt8 / lyt9
- Guangdong Romanization: lüd3 / lüd6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lyːt̚³/, /lyːt̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lut2
- Sinological IPA (key): /lut̚⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: liet6
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɛt̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lot
- Hakka Romanization System: lodˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lod5
- Sinological IPA: /lot̚²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: lyeh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /lyəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳĕ
- Sinological IPA (key): /lyɛ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: luók
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃uɔʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loa̍t
- Tâi-lô: lua̍t
- Phofsit Daibuun: loat
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /luat̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /luat̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loat
- Tâi-lô: luat
- Phofsit Daibuun: load
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /luat̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍t
- Tâi-lô: lia̍t
- Phofsit Daibuun: liat
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɛt̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɛt̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: luag4 / luêg4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: luak / luek
- Sinological IPA (key): /luak̚²/, /luek̚²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- luag4 - Shantou;
- luêg4 - Chaozhou.
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 劣 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /lyɛ⁵¹/ /liɛ⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /liɛ²¹³/ | |
| Tianjin | /lie⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /liə²¹/ | |
| Qingdao | /liə⁵⁵/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /lyo²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /lyɛ²¹/ | |
| Xining | /lɨ⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /lie¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /lyə¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /lyɤ²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /nie²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /nie³¹/ /ne³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /nie²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /liɛ³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /lieʔ⁵/ | |
| Hefei | /liɐʔ⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /lyəʔ²/ |
| Pingyao | /liʌʔ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /liaʔ⁴³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /liɪʔ¹/ |
| Suzhou | /liəʔ³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /lɑʔ²/ | |
| Wenzhou | /le²¹³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /le²²/ |
| Tunxi | /liɛ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lie²⁴/ |
| Xiangtan | /nie²⁴/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /liɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lot̚¹/ |
| Taoyuan | ||
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lyt̚³/ |
| Nanning | /lyt̚³³/ | |
| Hong Kong | /lyt̚³/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /luat̚⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luɔʔ²³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /lyɛ²⁴/ /liɛ²⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /luak̚²/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /luak̚⁵/ |
- Middle Chinese: ljwet
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*rod/
Definitions
劣
- (literary, or in compounds) small and weak; puny
- (literary, or in compounds) bad; poor; inferior
- (literary, or in compounds) slightly
Synonyms
- (small and weak): 弱小 (ruòxiǎo)
- (bad):
- 不善 (bùshàn)
- 不好
- 不妙 (bùmiào)
- 不怎麼樣／不怎么样 (bùzěnmeyàng)
- 不濟／不济 (bùjì)
- 不腆 (bùtiǎn) (Classical Chinese, self-deprecatory)
- 了丁 (Min Nan)
- 低下 (dīxià)
- 低劣 (dīliè)
- 低路 (Min Nan)
- 垃圾 (lājī) (colloquial)
- 屎 (Cantonese)
- 差 (chà)
- 差勁／差劲 (chàjìn) (colloquial)
- 差氣／差气 (Hokkien)
- 拙劣 (zhuōliè)
- 推扳 (1the-pe) (Shanghainese)
- 梢跤 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 梢跤軟蹄／梢跤软蹄 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 梢蹬 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 欠佳 (qiànjiā)
- 水皮 (seoi2 pei4) (Cantonese)
- 潮 (cháo) (colloquial, of quality or technique)
- 無良／无良 (wúliáng) (formal)
- 破 (pò) (colloquial)
- 跤梢 (Xiamen Hokkien)
- 蹩腳／蹩脚 (biéjiǎo)
- 鄙劣 (bǐliè) (literary)
Antonyms
Compounds
- 下劣 (xiàliè)
- 不劣方頭／不劣方头
- 乖劣
- 了劣
- 低劣 (dīliè)
- 優劣／优劣 (yōuliè)
- 優勝劣敗／优胜劣败
- 劣勢／劣势 (lièshì)
- 劣化 (lièhuà)
- 劣化警報／劣化警报
- 劣匠
- 劣品
- 劣弧
- 劣怯
- 劣性
- 劣憋
- 劣把
- 劣把頭／劣把头
- 劣敗／劣败
- 劣株
- 劣根性 (liègēnxìng)
- 劣比
- 劣相
- 劣種／劣种 (lièzhǒng)
- 劣等 (lièděng)
- 劣筆／劣笔
- 劣等生 (lièděngshēng)
- 劣紳／劣绅 (lièshēn)
- 劣缺
- 劣缺搊搜／劣缺𫼝搜
- 劣藥／劣药
- 劣行 (lièxíng)
- 劣角
- 劣貨／劣货
- 劣質／劣质 (lièzhì)
- 劣跡／劣迹 (lièjì)
- 劣跡昭著／劣迹昭著
- 劣蹶
- 劣酒
- 劣馬／劣马
- 卑劣 (bēiliè)
- 卑劣手段
- 土豪劣紳／土豪劣绅 (tǔháo lièshēn)
- 惡劣／恶劣 (èliè)
- 愚劣
- 憋劣
- 拙劣 (zhuōliè)
- 方頭不劣／方头不劣
- 日趨惡劣／日趋恶劣
- 狠劣
- 窳劣 (yǔliè)
- 粗劣 (cūliè)
- 粗衣劣食
- 羸劣
- 臞劣
- 蕪劣／芜劣
- 薄劣
- 闇劣／暗劣
- 陋劣
- 頑劣／顽劣 (wánliè)
Japanese
Kanji
劣
Readings
Compounds
- 劣悪 (retsuaku)
- 劣位 (retsui)
- 劣後 (retsugo)
- 劣等 (rettō)
- 愚劣 (guretsu)
- 下劣 (geretsu)
- 拙劣 (setsuretsu)
- 卑劣 (hiretsu)
- 優劣 (yūretsu)
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 劣 (MC ljwet).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᄅᆑᇙ〮 (Yale: lyuyelq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 렬 (lyel) (Yale: lyel) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 녈 (nyel) (Yale: nyel) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): ~
- Phonetic hangul:
Hanja
劣 (eumhun 못할 렬 (mothal ryeol), word-initial (South Korea) 못할 열 (mothal yeol))
- hanja form? of 렬/열 (“bad; poor”)
- hanja form? of 렬/열 (“inferior”)
- 1929, 신채호 [Han: 申采浩, Sin Chaeho], 조선사 연구 초 [Joseonsayeon-gucho, Han: 朝鮮史硏究草, Exploratory Studies in Korean History]:
Compounds
Compounds
References
Vietnamese
Han character
劣: Hán Nôm readings: liệt, lẹt
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