后土

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Chinese

		empress; queen; surname	earth; dust; rural earth; dust; rural; uncouth; uncultured; plebeian
simp. and trad. (后土)		后	土

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后土

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hòutǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hau⁶ tou²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): heu-thú
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hō͘-thó͘ / hiō-thó͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hòutǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hòutǔ
  - Wade–Giles: hou⁴-tʻu³
  - Yale: hòu-tǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: howtuu
  - Palladius: хоуту (xoutu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hau⁶ tou²
  - Yale: hauh tóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hau⁶ tou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: heo⁶ tou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐu̯²² tʰou̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: heu-thú
  - Hakka Romanization System: heu tu^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: heu⁴ tu³
  - Sinological IPA: /heu̯⁵⁵ tʰu³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘-thó͘
  - Tâi-lô: hōo-thóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoxtor
  - IPA (Taipei): /hɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰɔ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiō-thó͘
  - Tâi-lô: hiō-thóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hioixtor
  - IPA (Taipei): /hio³³⁻¹¹ tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɤ³³⁻²¹ tʰɔ⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: huwX|huwH thuX

Rime
Character	后	后	土
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)	侯 (137)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	胡口切	胡遘切	他魯切
Baxter	huwX	huwH	thuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəu^X/	/ɦəu^H/	/tʰuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəu^X/	/ɦəu^H/	/tʰuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəu^X/	/ɣəu^H/	/tʰo^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəw^X/	/ɦəw^H/	/tʰɔ^X/
Li Rong	/ɣu^X/	/ɣu^H/	/tʰo^X/
Wang Li	/ɣəu^X/	/ɣəu^H/	/tʰu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣə̯u^X/	/ɣə̯u^H/	/tʰuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hòu	hòu	tǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hau⁶	hau⁶	tou²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢˤ(r)oʔ tʰˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːʔ|ɡoːs l̥ʰaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	后	土
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hòu	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ huw^X ›	‹ thu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*ɢˁ(r)oʔ/	/*tʰˁaʔ/
English	sovereign; queen	earth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	后	后	土
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2
No.	5168	5172	12499
Phonetic component	后	后	土
Rime group	侯	侯	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	厚	𠋫	土
Old Chinese	/*ɡoːʔ/	/*ɡoːs/	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Noun

后土

(literary) earth god; Houtu
(literary) the vast earth
(literary, of ancient China) official charged with managing land

Synonyms

(earth god): 地母
(the vast earth): 大地 (dàdì)

Derived terms

皇天后土 (huángtiānhòutǔ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (后土):

→ Japanese: 后(こう)土(ど) (kōdo)
→ Korean: 후토(后土) (huto)
→ Vietnamese: Hậu Thổ (后土)

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