君
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Translingual
Han character
君 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 尸大口 (SKR), four-corner 17607, composition ⿸尹口)
Derived characters
- 侰, 群, 裙, 郡, 捃, 珺, 桾, 宭, 窘, 𠧬, 𠹩, 𫘿, 𡝗, 䞫, 頵(𫖳), 覠(𰴙), 𦌺, 𠲰, 𭊝, 𢽏, 𫺔, 𬂁, 𣇉, 𬱌, 𩂿, 𨧡, 涒, 焄, 𤉙, 桾, 莙, 䇹, 𦀲, 𪣣, 峮, 㟒, 裠, 𧛬, 𬡝, 帬, 𢂽, 𢃆, 𬒽, 輑, 𰺈, 𢧃, 羣, 麏, 鮶(鲪), 鵘
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 177, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3323
- Dae Jaweon: page 394, character 15
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 595, character 6
- Unihan data for U+541B
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
君 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𠺞 𠁈 𠱩 𠱭 𠱰 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 君 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klun) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “(hand holding a rod) to administer”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). In the oracle bones and early Zhou bronze inscriptions, 君 (jūn) was often interchanged with 尹. Shuowen suggests that 口 represents commands, but it may simply be decorative.
Etymology
Unknown. Here are several possibilities:
- Related to Old Mon kmin, kmun (“to exercise royal power; to be king; to reign”) (Schuessler, 2007);
- Related to 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “director; governor”) and 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) and cognate with Tibetan མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”) (Mei Tsu-lin, 1985);
- The *k- prefixed derivative of 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “to straighten; to administer”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); however, this is phonologically problematic (Schuessler, 2007).
The ACG sense is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 君 (-kun), which is in turn from Chinese.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jun1
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): jyn1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jyng1
- Eastern Min (BUC): gŭng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gong1 / guong1
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 1ciun / 1cion
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jyn1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jyun
- Wade–Giles: chün1
- Yale: jyūn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiun
- Palladius: цзюнь (czjunʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jun1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gun
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gwan1
- Yale: gwān
- Cantonese Pinyin: gwan1
- Guangdong Romanization: guen1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʷɐn⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gun1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kun³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: jyn1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕyn⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiûn
- Hakka Romanization System: giunˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: giun1
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯un²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jyng1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕỹŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gong1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geong
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: guong1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuoŋ⁵³³/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: jyn1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕyn³³/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: kjun
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qur/
- (Zhengzhang): /*klun/
Definitions
君
- sovereign; monarch; ruler; chief; prince; lord
- (historical) An honorific title: lord
- (literary, honorific) you; your (referring to a male)
- A polite form of address used among couples.
- to dominate; to reign
- (ACG, Internet slang) -kun
- (ACG, Internet slang) Affectionate name suffix.
- 字幕君 ― zìmùjūn ― fansubber
- a surname: Jun
Synonyms
- (you):
Dialectal synonyms of 你 (“you (singular)”)
Related terms
Compounds
- 三元君
- 三君
- 三茅君
- 不君
- 不君子
- 不成為君／不成为君
- 不按君臣
- 世君
- 中君
- 中書君／中书君
- 主君
- 亂君／乱君
- 二三君子
- 五位君臣
- 五君
- 亡君
- 人君 (rénjūn)
- 仁人君子 (rénrénjūnzǐ)
- 仁君
- 令君
- 令君香
- 任君
- 佚君
- 佘太君
- 使君 (shǐjūn)
- 侈君
- 使君子 (shǐjūnzǐ)
- 使君有婦／使君有妇
- 使君灘／使君滩
- 信君
- 信陵君
- 倒君
- 假君
- 偽君子／伪君子 (wěijūnzǐ)
- 傅君
- 僭君
- 儲君／储君 (chǔjūn)
- 元君
- 先君 (xiānjūn)
- 先君子
- 先府君
- 先知君
- 克君
- 八君子
- 六君子
- 具君
- 冢君
- 冥漠君
- 出君
- 出震之君
- 副君
- 北君
- 匡君
- 匡君救主 (kuāngjūnjiùzhǔ)
- 卓文君
- 博物君子
- 卞田君
- 卯君
- 古之君子
- 史君
- 史君子
- 君上 (jūnshàng)
- 君主 (jūnzhǔ)
- 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)
- 君主國／君主国 (jūnzhǔguó)
- 君主專制／君主专制 (jūnzhǔ zhuānzhì)
- 君主政體／君主政体
- 君主立憲／君主立宪
- 君人
- 君伐
- 君位
- 君侯 (jūnhóu)
- 君側／君侧
- 君公
- 君前臣名
- 君卿唇舌
- 君卿喉舌
- 君卿脣舌／君卿唇舌
- 君卿舌
- 君史
- 君合國／君合国
- 君命
- 君器
- 君國／君国
- 君大夫
- 君夫人
- 君婦／君妇
- 君子 (jūnzǐ)
- 君子三樂／君子三乐
- 君子三畏
- 君子不器 (jūnzǐbùqì)
- 君子之交
- 君子于役
- 君子人
- 君子仇
- 君子偕老
- 君子儒
- 君子協定／君子协定 (jūnzǐ xiédìng)
- 君子國／君子国
- 君子好逑
- 君子樹／君子树
- 君子營／君子营
- 君子相
- 君子竹
- 君子芋
- 君子花
- 君子行
- 君子衛／君子卫
- 君子觴／君子觞
- 君子豹變／君子豹变
- 君子軍／君子军
- 君子鄉／君子乡
- 君子醫／君子医
- 君子陽陽／君子阳阳
- 君子風／君子风
- 君子風度／君子风度
- 君宰
- 君家
- 君家果
- 君寀／君采
- 君射臣決／君射臣决
- 君山
- 君山老父
- 君師／君师
- 君平
- 君影草
- 君德
- 君恩
- 君指
- 君明
- 君桴臣鼓
- 君權／君权 (jūnquán)
- 君權國／君权国
- 君權時代／君权时代
- 君權神授／君权神授
- 君母
- 君氏
- 君火
- 君父 (jūnfù)
- 君王 (jūnwáng)
- 君王臘／君王腊
- 君疇／君畴
- 君相
- 君統／君统
- 君聖臣賢／君圣臣贤
- 君聲／君声
- 君臣 (jūnchén)
- 君臣佐使 (jūnchénzuǒshǐ)
- 君臨／君临 (jūnlín)
- 君親／君亲
- 君諱／君讳 (jūnhuì)
- 君謨舊譜／君谟旧谱
- 君貺／君贶
- 君道
- 君遷／君迁
- 君遷子／君迁子
- 君長／君长
- 君門／君门
- 君陳／君陈
- 君馬／君马
- 君馬黃／君马黄
- 君體／君体
- 君魚保境／君鱼保境
- 啼哭郎君
- 嗣君
- 嚴君／严君
- 四君
- 四君子 (Sì Jūnzǐ)
- 國君／国君 (guójūn)
- 報君知／报君知
- 塚君／冢君
- 壅君
- 士君子
- 大君 (dàjūn)
- 大君子
- 大小君
- 大秦君
- 大院君
- 大雅君子
- 大馮君／大冯君
- 太上老君 (Tàishàng Lǎojūn)
- 夫人縣君／夫人县君
- 夫君 (fūjūn)
- 天君
- 太君 (tàijūn)
- 天寶君／天宝君
- 太山君
- 太平真君
- 失君
- 女君
- 如君
- 如意郎君 (rúyìlángjūn)
- 孟嘗君／孟尝君
- 孤竹君
- 孟麗君／孟丽君
- 宜君 (Yíjūn, “Yijun”)
- 宰君
- 家君 (jiājūn)
- 寄春君
- 寡君 (guǎjūn)
- 寡小君
- 封使君
- 封君 (fēngjūn)
- 專君／专君
- 尊君
- 尊大君
- 小君
- 小秦君
- 小郎君
- 小馮君／小冯君
- 少君
- 少君術／少君术
- 尾君子
- 山君 (shānjūn)
- 帝君 (dìjūn)
- 師君／师君
- 常君
- 平原君
- 幼君
- 府君 (fǔjūn)
- 度索君
- 庸君
- 廣武君／广武君
- 廩君／廪君
- 廬君／庐君
- 弒君／弑君 (shìjūn)
- 彬彬君子
- 得君
- 徵君／征君
- 心君
- 志誠君子／志诚君子
- 忠君報國／忠君报国
- 忠君愛國／忠君爱国 (zhōngjūn'àiguó)
- 惠君
- 惰君
- 愷悌君子／恺悌君子
- 成君
- 抱節君／抱节君
- 握君
- 故君 (gùjūn)
- 文君
- 文君司馬／文君司马
- 文君壚／文君垆
- 文君新寡
- 文君早寡
- 文君當壚／文君当垆
- 文君酒
- 文昌君
- 文昌帝君 (Wénchāng Dìjūn)
- 斗君
- 斗母元君
- 新君
- 新郎君
- 方君
- 日君
- 明君 (míngjūn)
- 昏君 (hūnjūn)
- 昭君 (Zhāojūn)
- 星君 (xīngjūn)
- 昭君出塞
- 昭君和番
- 昭君套
- 昭君怨
- 昭君村
- 春申君
- 時君／时君
- 暗君
- 暴君 (bàojūn)
- 望諸君／望诸君
- 李香君
- 東君／东君 (Dōngjūn)
- 桐君
- 梁上君
- 梁上君子 (liángshàngjūnzǐ)
- 梅君山
- 梓潼帝君
- 楮君
- 樹君／树君
- 橋君學／桥君学
- 檀君 (Tánjūn)
- 欺君 (qījūn)
- 欺君罔上 (qījūnwǎngshàng)
- 欺君誤國／欺君误国
- 歡君／欢君
- 正人君子 (zhèngrénjūnzǐ)
- 此君
- 武夷君
- 歲君／岁君
- 歸遺細君／归遗细君
- 死君
- 母君
- 水君
- 江君
- 汙君／污君
- 泰山府君
- 海龍君／海龙君
- 淑人君子
- 淨君／净君
- 清君側／清君侧 (qīngjūncè)
- 淑善君子 (shū shàn jūnzǐ)
- 淋涔君
- 湘君
- 湘君竹
- 滅國弒君／灭国弑君 (mièguóshìjūn)
- 滈池君
- 滄海君／沧海君
- 滄浪君／沧浪君
- 潛君／潜君
- 潞涿君
- 火帝真君
- 火德星君 (huǒdé xīngjūn)
- 灶君 (zàojūn)
- 烏臺使君／乌台使君
- 無父無君／无父无君
- 爐神老君／炉神老君
- 獸君／兽君
- 王明君
- 王昭君
- 玉陽真君／玉阳真君
- 畜君
- 留君子
- 畦宗郎君
- 番君
- 當路君／当路君
- 疲暮逢君
- 瘟君
- 癮君子／瘾君子 (yǐnjūnzǐ)
- 白君
- 白面郎君
- 百君
- 百君子
- 百里君
- 皂君
- 盛君
- 相君
- 真君
- 碧霞元君 (Bìxiá Yuánjūn)
- 社君
- 神君
- 祖君
- 神寶君／神宝君
- 福德星君
- 萬石君／万石君
- 私卒君子
- 程君
- 稷嗣君
- 窮君／穷君
- 立君
- 管城君
- 篆愁君
- 篬筤君
- 細君／细君 (xìjūn)
- 綠玉君／绿玉君
- 縣君／县君
- 縣太君／县太君
- 縱君／纵君
- 羽君
- 老君 (Lǎojūn)
- 老君廟／老君庙
- 老君眉
- 老子道君
- 老封君
- 聘君
- 聖君／圣君 (shèngjūn)
- 聖君賢相／圣君贤相
- 脅君／胁君
- 致君
- 芋郎君
- 茅君
- 著帳郎君／著帐郎君
- 萼綠君／萼绿君
- 薰穴求君
- 蠻君／蛮君
- 許真君／许真君
- 誤國欺君／误国欺君
- 請君入瓮 (qǐngjūnrùwèng)
- 請君入甕／请君入瓮 (qǐngjūnrùwèng)
- 諸君／诸君 (zhūjūn)
- 謙謙君子／谦谦君子 (qiānqiānjūnzǐ)
- 護階君子／护阶君子
- 讀書君子／读书君子
- 豈弟君子／岂弟君子
- 負郭相君／负郭相君
- 販君／贩君
- 貳君／贰君
- 賢君／贤君 (xiánjūn)
- 贈君／赠君
- 越甲鳴君／越甲鸣君
- 辟君三舍
- 送君
- 迷君
- 逢君
- 逢君之惡／逢君之恶
- 過君／过君
- 道君
- 道君皇帝
- 過君表／过君表
- 選君／选君
- 遺君／遗君
- 邀君
- 避君三舍
- 邑君
- 邦君
- 郎君 (lángjūn)
- 郎君子弟
- 郡君
- 鄉君／乡君
- 都君
- 鄂君
- 都君子
- 鄂君啟節／鄂君启节
- 鄂君繡被／鄂君绣被
- 鄂君翠被
- 鄂君舟
- 鄂君船
- 鄂君被
- 鄂君香被
- 里君
- 金玉君子
- 鎬池君／镐池君
- 鐵君／铁君
- 長君／长君
- 長君之惡／长君之恶
- 長桑君／长桑君
- 開君童／开君童
- 閻君／阎君 (Yánjūn)
- 闇君／暗君
- 關聖帝君／关圣帝君 (Guānshèng Dìjūn)
- 院君
- 陰君／阴君
- 陳恒弒君／陈恒弑君
- 隱君子／隐君子 (yǐnjūnzǐ)
- 雲中君／云中君
- 靈君／灵君
- 青君
- 青童君
- 青童大君
- 青精君
- 青華君／青华君
- 青華帝君／青华帝君
- 靖郭君
- 靜君／静君
- 靜郭君／静郭君
- 面君
- 鞠躬君子
- 顓君／颛君
- 食子徇君
- 餘桃啗君／余桃啗君
- 驕君／骄君
- 魔君
- 鴻都少君／鸿都少君
- 麴君／曲君 (qūjūn)
- 黃中君／黄中君
- 黃老君／黄老君
- 墨君
- 龍君／龙君
Descendants
Japanese
Kanji
君
Readings
- Go-on: くん (kun, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: くん (kun, Jōyō)
- Kun: きみ (kimi, 君, Jōyō)
- Nanori: きん (kin)、すえ (sue)、なお (nao)、よし (yoshi)
Compounds
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 君 |
| きみ Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 公 (uncommon) |
⟨ki1mi1⟩ → */kʲimʲi/ → /kimi/
From Old Japanese. Possibly a borrowing from the Sillan word for king, written with the character 今 (kum).[1] The same morpheme survives in the second syllable of the Modern Korean word 임금 (imgeum).
Pronunciation
Noun
- a ruler of a country
- Antonym: 臣 (omi)
- a master
- a nobleman or other person of high(er) rank
- (historical, archaic) a prostitute
- (historical) one of the hereditary titles bestowed to local chiefs in ancient Japan
Derived terms
Pronoun
- (informal, chiefly men's speech) second-person personal pronoun: you, thou
- 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 669; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 50)
- 君がため惜しからざりし命さへ長くもがなと思ひけるかな
- kimi ga tama oshikarazarishi inochi sae nagaku mogana to omoikeru kana
- I thought I would give up my life to hold you in my arms, but after a night together, I find myself wishing that I could live for ever.[4]
- 君がため惜しからざりし命さへ長くもがなと思ひけるかな
- 2000 September 18, Inokuma, Shinobu, “ＰＡＲＴ１ 雨のち… [Part 1: After the Rain…]”, in SALAD DAYS [Salad Days], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 110:
- 俺は別にいいけど…キミ、学校で「知らない人について行っちゃダメ」とか、教わんなかった？
- Ore wa betsu ni ii kedo… Kimi, gakkō de “shiranai hito ni tsuite itcha dame” to ka, osowan nakatta?
- Fine by me… But haven’t you been taught at school that “you shouldn’t go anywhere with strangers”?
- 俺は別にいいけど…キミ、学校で「知らない人について行っちゃダメ」とか、教わんなかった？
- 2005 November 9, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “武装錬金ファイナル [Armed Alchemy: The Final Act]”, in 武装錬金 [Armed Alchemy], volume 9, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:
- 来るぞ カズキ！手を放すな！キミと私は一心同体 キミが死ぬ時が私が死ぬ時だ！
- Kuru zo Kazuki! Te o hanasu na! Kimi to watashi wa isshin dōtai Kimi ga shinu toki ga watashi ga shinu toki da!
- Incoming, Kazuki! Don’t let go! You and me, together as one. When you die, I die!
- 来るぞ カズキ！手を放すな！キミと私は一心同体 キミが死ぬ時が私が死ぬ時だ！
- 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 669; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 50)
Usage notes
- When used in lyrics and poetry, this word is considered less colloquial and more poetic than in spoken language.
Etymology 2
The kimi changes to gimi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Suffix
Usage notes
- There is no direct translation in English – as with other Japanese honorifics, it might roughly correspond to dear, as in “your dear father”.
- Respectful suffixes also serve to indicate whose relative is in question: rather than “my father” and “your father”, one would say 父 (chichi, “father”) and 父君 (chichi-gimi, “dear father”).
- Used of nobles. Attaches to close family relationship nouns such as 母 (haha, “mother”), 姉 (ane, “sister”), 姫 (hime, “daughter of a noble family, princess”).
Derived terms
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 君 |
| くん Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 君 (MC kjun).
Suffix
- suffix for boys' names
- indicates respect
- 1999 January 7, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その166 「決戦投票」 [Debate 166: ‘Final Vote’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 20 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 43:
- indicates familiarity
Usage notes
-kun is often used as a suffix when calling someone. The listener is lower or the same level in social position and is often, but not always, male.
Descendants
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 君 |
| きんじ Grade: 3 |
/kimud͡ʑi/ → /kind͡ʑi/
Shift from older きむぢ (kimudi → kimuji).[5]
Pronoun
- second person personal pronoun: you
- 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari:(Fukiage, ge)[6]
- きんぢ、この手を傳へ施す物ならば、この世になからん世なりとも、訪ひ守らん。
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari:(Kurabiraki, jō)[7]
- 「[...] ある時は「きんぢがつたなく吾を人気なくハ生み出したる」とさへぞの給フや」
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari:(Kuniyuzuri, jō)[8]
- 喜びて、見給ヒて、聲を放ちて「我が親の今々とし給ひしまで「我はきんぢを思ふにぞ黄泉もえ往くまじき。[...]」」
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
See also
References
- ^ Ki-Moon, Lee, Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, page 59
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Peter MacMillan, translator (2018) One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each: A Treasury of Classical Japanese Verse, Penguin UK, →ISBN
- ^ “きんじ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.
- ^ Kōno, Tama (1961) [circa 970-999] Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 11: Utsubo Monogatari 2 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ^ Kōno, Tama (1962) [circa 970-999] Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 12: Utsubo Monogatari 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 君 (MC kjun).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 군 (Yale: kwun) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᄭᅮᆫ (skwun) (Yale: skwun) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
- Phonetic hangul:
Hanja
Compounds
Compounds
References
Vietnamese
Han character
君: Hán Nôm readings: quân, vua