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See also:
U+5D16, 崖
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5D16

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Han character

(Kangxi radical 46, +8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 山一土土 (UMGG), four-corner 22214, composition or )

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 314, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8180
  • Dae Jaweon: page 614, character 25
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 778, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+5D16

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms

𪞢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) : semantic (mountain) + phonetic (OC *ŋreː, cliff).

Alternatively analyzed as Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) : semantic (cliff) + phonetic (OC *kʷeː). In this case, its proto-form could be .

Originally, the phonetic component is not related to the concept of earth () since in its original form it represents a pair of ritual axes perhaps made of jade . Hence, the link to the concept of earth in this character, and either comes from folk etymology or its appearence in the Small Seal script.

Etymology

Same word as (OC *ŋreːs, “rim of the eye”) and (OC *ŋreː, *ŋre, “shore, bank”) (Schuessler, 2007). See the latter for etymology.

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ia³⁵/
Harbin /ai²⁴/
/ia²⁴/
Tianjin /iɑ⁴⁵/
Jinan /iɛ⁴²/
Qingdao /iɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ia⁴²/
Xi'an /nai²⁴/
Xining /nɛ²⁴/
Yinchuan /ia⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɛ⁵³/
Ürümqi /ia⁵¹/
Wuhan /ŋai²¹³/
Chengdu /ŋai³¹/
Guiyang /ŋai²¹/
Kunming /æ³¹/
Nanjing /iɑ²⁴/
Hefei /ia⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ia¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵiɑ¹³/
Hohhot /nɛ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦia²³/
Suzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦie̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ŋa³¹/
Hui Shexian /ia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ŋɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ŋai¹³/
Xiangtan /ŋai¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /ŋai¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋai²¹/
Nanning /ŋai²¹/
Hong Kong /ŋai²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /gai³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋai⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋa³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋãi⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zai³¹/
/ŋai³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (31) (31)
Final () (13) (31)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () III II
Fanqie
Baxter ngje ngea
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ŋˠiᴇ/ /ŋˠɛ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ŋᵚiɛ/ /ŋᵚæ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ŋiɛ/ /ŋæi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ŋjiə̆/ /ŋaɨj/
Li
Rong
/ŋje/ /ŋɛ/
Wang
Li
/ŋǐe/ /ŋai/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ŋie̯/ /ŋai/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ji4 ngaai4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ ngɛ ›
Old
Chinese
/*ŋˁrar/
English river bank; limit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4536 4547
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ŋreː/ /*ŋre/

Definitions

  1. cliff; precipice (Classifier: m)
  2. (literary) limit; boundary; margin

Synonyms

  • (limit):

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: (ge, )
  • Kan-on: がい (gai, )
  • Kun: がけ (gake, , Jōyō)まま (mama, )ほき (hoki, )
  • Nanori: きし (kishi, )

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
がい
Grade: S
kan'on
Alternative spelling

From Middle Chinese (MC ngje|ngea, “cliff, precipice”). Not attested in isolation. First attested in compound 崖岸 (gaigan, cliff shore, cliff bank) in 900.[1]

Pronunciation

Affix

(がい) (gai

  1. cliff

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
がけ
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling

Shift from older pronunciation kake. First attested in 1280.[2]

May be a shift in usage from compounding element kake as in the synonymous terms 懸路 (kakeji), 懸道 (kakemichi, cliff road, steep mountain road),[2] where the kake comes from verb 懸ける (kakeru, to set into; to set across), from the way the road would be set into the cliff or mountain.

The change from kake to gake apparently happened some time during the Edo period (1603–1868). This term is recorded as Caqe (then-current Portuguese orthography for modern romanization kake) in the 1603 Nippo Jisho Japanese-Portuguese dictionary.[3]

Pronunciation

Noun

(がけ) (gake

  1. steep bank, cliff
    Synonym: 切岸 (kirigishi, literally cut bank)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
まま
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Further derivation unclear.

First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.[2]

Modern references either omit this reading entirely or provide no pitch accent information for this reading, suggesting that it might be archaic or even obsolete in modern usage.[4][5][6]

Pronunciation

Noun

(まま) (mama

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) steep slope or incline; collapsed part of a levee or embankment

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
ほき
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Derivation unclear. First attested in the late 1100s.[2]

Modern references either omit this reading entirely or provide no pitch accent information for this reading, suggesting that it might be archaic or even obsolete in modern usage.[4][5][6]

Pronunciation

Noun

(ほき) (hoki

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) a steep area on a mountainside, a cliff

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
きし
Grade: S
nanori

Probably from (kishi, shore, bank (of a body of water)).

Pronunciation

Proper noun

(きし) (Kishi

  1. a surname

References

  1. ^ 崖岸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 ) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan]‎ (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, available via Google Books here, right-hand column, 12th entry
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC ngea). Recorded as Middle Korean (ay) (Yale: ay) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 벼랑 (byeorang ae))

  1. hanja form? of (cliff; precipice; precipitous)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: nhai, day

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