弗
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弗 (futsu): a sample of chilled liquid fluorine.
See also: 𢎵
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Translingual
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Han character
弗 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中中弓 (LLN), four-corner 55027, composition ⿻⿰丿丨弓)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9708
- Dae Jaweon: page 673, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 990, character 9
- Unihan data for U+5F17
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
弗 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 弗 | |
|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions |
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Pictogram (象形) – an arrow (depicted in some versions in the oracle bones and then disappeared), tied to a thread, then tied to two wooden poles (originally depicted as 林).
Later borrowed phonetically to mean “no”. The derivative 拂 (OC *pʰɯd) stands for the original word.
Etymology 1
- not (verb) him/her/it
- Fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) with 之 (OC *tjɯ, “third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007). The glyph conflated with 不 (MC pjuw|pjuwX|pjut) by the Han times, due to naming taboo. Its colloquial reading survives in the latter. See etymology of 不 for more.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): fat1
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): fud5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 7feq; 8veq / 7feq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fú
- Wade–Giles: fu2
- Yale: fú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fwu
- Palladius: фу (fu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: fat1
- Yale: fāt
- Cantonese Pinyin: fat7
- Guangdong Romanization: fed1
- Sinological IPA (key): /fɐt̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: pjut
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*pt/, /*put/
- (Zhengzhang): /*pɯd/
Definitions
弗
- (Classical) not
- 一簞食，一豆羹，得之則生，弗得則死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Yī dān sì, yī dòu gēng, dé zhī zé shēng, fú dé zé sǐ.
- Here are a small basket of rice and a platter of soup; getting them will enable survival, while not getting them will result in death.
一箪食，一豆羹，得之则生，弗得则死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Used in 弗弗.
- Alternative form of 祓 (fú)
- † to straighten; to correct
- Used in transcription.
Usage notes
- In modern Standard Chinese, this character is almost entirely used for phonetic translations. The character mainly represents the phoneme /f/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.
- The characters 不 (bù) and 否 (fǒu) are far more commonly used to mean “no”.
Compounds
Etymology 2
| simp. and trad. |
弗 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 勿 伐 不 | |
According to Pan (2002), a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ').
In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts.
See also 勿 (veq).
Pronunciation
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading)
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 7veq
- MiniDict: veh入
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 4veq
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vəʔ⁵⁵/
- (Northern: Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining, Haiyan, Shaoxing)
- Wugniu: 7feq
- MiniDict: feh入
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /fəʔ⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /fəʔ⁴³/
- Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Haining): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Haiyan): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /feʔ⁴⁵/
- (Northern: Songjiang)
- (Northern: Chongming)
- (Northern: Ningbo)
- (Jinhua)
Note:
- 8veq - tonal innovation specific to urban Shanghainese, demonstrates same left-prominent tone sandhi pattern as tone 6 in chains of more than 3 character;
- 7veq - the character sandhis as tone 7 in urban Shanghainese and most Suburban Shanghainese varieties, sometimes also realised as depending on absence or presence of the /u/-/β/ merger often recognized as a shared innovation across suburban Shanghainese varieties.
Definitions
弗
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 不 (“not”)
Usage notes
- 勿, 弗 and 伐 are all characters that have been popular in representing the checked and labiodentalized series of negators, generally pronounced as /fəʔ/, /vəʔ/ or both depending on the exact variety. In historical literature, the exact choice of character varied between the topolects and the preferences of individual writers.
- In some contemporary proposals aiming to standardize cross-topolectal writing in Wu, it is preferred that the voiced variants of the negator be written with 勿 and the unvoiced variants of the negator with 弗. This is often received somewhat inconsistently, however, and the choice between the variant characters remains largely a matter of personal preference.
Compounds
Etymology 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of 弗 – see 費 (“to cost; to spend; to expend; to consume; to use; to exhaust; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 費). |
Notes:
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Japanese
Kanji
弗
- not
- used phonetically, such as in 弗素 (fusso, “fluorine”)
- (by extension, in compounds) fluorine
- the dollar sign ($)
Readings
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| ふつ Hyōgai |
| kan'on |
Originally borrowed from Middle Chinese 弗 (*pjut), meaning either “not” or “a gust of wind”. Apparently later repurposed during the later Edo period for its phonetic value in translating the Dutch fluor (“fluorine”).
Pronunciation
Affix
Usage notes
Seldom used. In chemistry contexts, almost always spelled in katakana as フツ, appearing in most compounds as フッ.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 弗化 (ふっか, fukka): fluoridation; fluoro-, fluor-; fluorinated
- 弗化カルシウム (ふっかカルシウム, fukka karushiumu): calcium fluoride, CaF2
- 六弗化リン酸リチウム (ろくふっかりんさんりちうむ, roku fukka rinsan richiumu): lithium hexafluorophosphate
- 弗化水素 (ふっかすいそ, fukka suiso): hydrogen fluoride, HF
- 弗化水素酸 (ふっかすいそさん, fukka suiso san): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗化物 (ふっかぶつ, fukkabutsu): fluoride
- 六弗化硫黄 (ろくふっかいおう, ろくふっかいおう): sulfur hexafluoride
- 弗酸 (ふっさん, fussan): short for 弗化水素酸 (fukka suiso san): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗素 (ふっそ, fusso): fluorine, F
Purely phonetic uses:
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| どる Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
Glyph origin
Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $. This reading is ultimately borrowed from Dutch dollar.[1][2]
Definitions
| For pronunciation and definitions of 弗 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 弗, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.) |
References
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}. - Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $.[1]
References
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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