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in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
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, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Translingual
Stroke order
Han character
形 (Kangxi radical 59, 彡 +4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一廿竹竹竹 (MTHHH ), four-corner 12422 , composition ⿰开 彡 )
Derived characters
References
Kangxi Dictionary: page 363 , character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9969
Dae Jaweon: page 681, character 25
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 852, character 10
Unihan data for U+5F62
Chinese
Glyph origin
Old Chinese
硎
*kʰreːŋ, *ɡeːŋ
耕
*kreːŋ
荊
*keŋ
井
*skeŋʔ
丼
*kl'oːmʔ, *skeŋʔ
妌
*sɡeŋʔ
穽
*sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs
阱
*sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs
汫
*sɡeːŋʔ
刑
*ɡeːŋ
形
*ɡeːŋ
邢
*ɡeːŋ
鉶
*ɡeːŋ
型
*ɡeːŋ
侀
*ɡeːŋ
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意 ) : 幵 + 彡 . In current form 幵 has been simplified to 开 .
It may also be interpreted as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声 , OC *ɡeːŋ ) : phonetic 井 ( OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 彡 , if the original character was 𢒈 .
Pronunciation
Baxter –Sagart system 1.1 (2014 )
Character
形
Reading #
1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
xíng
Middle Chinese
‹ heng ›
Old Chinese
/*ˁeŋ/
English
form, shape
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
形
Reading #
1/1
No.
6862
Phonetic component
井
Rime group
耕
Rime subdivision
0
Corresponding MC rime
㓝
Old Chinese
/*ɡeːŋ/
Definitions
形
form ; shape ; appearance
形 狀/ 形 状 ― xíng zhuàng ― form; appearance; shape
image ; appearance
body ; entity ; contour
形 體/ 形 体 ― xíng tǐ ― physique
style ; vogue
( grammar ) Short for 形容詞 / 形容词 (xíngróngcí , “adjective ”).
to appear ; to display
喜形 於色 / 喜形 于色 ― xǐxíng yúsè ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
to form ; to become
更 形 複雜 / 更 形 复杂 ― gèng xíng fùzá ― to become more complicated
to compare
相形 見絀 / 相形 见绌 ― xiàngxíng jiànchù ― pale by comparison
Synonyms
( form ) : 樣 / 样 (yàng ), 型 (xíng )
Compounds
Descendants
References
莆田市荔城区档案馆 , editor (2022 ), “形 ”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary ] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 265 .
Japanese
Kanji
形
(Second grade kyōiku kanji )
shape , form , style
Readings
Compounds
Etymology 1
From Old Japanese . First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE .[ 1]
Probably related to 堅い / 硬い / 固い ( katai , “ hard ” ) .[ 2]
Pronunciation
Noun
形( かた ) • (kata )
a shape
a form
a pattern , die , or model from which copies are made
collateral for borrowed money
on a coin , the side with writing on it
Antonym: 縵面 ( name )
Etymology 2
Derived from kata above.[ 1] The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁 ). Found most commonly as a suffixing element in compounds.
The standalone noun sense was originally a shortening of 女形 ( onnagata , literally “ woman form ” ) , a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater . This noun sense is only spelled with the 形 kanji.
Pronunciation
Noun
形( がた ) or 形( がだ ) • (gata or gada )
( kabuki, theater ) Short for 女形 ( onnagata ) , a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater
Synonyms: 女形 ( onnagata ) , お山 ( oyama )
Suffix
形( がた ) • (-gata )
( affixed to nouns ) : the shape or form of the affixed noun
渦( うず ) 巻( ま ) き形( がた ) uzumakigata a whirlpool shape
卵( たまご ) 形( がた ) tamagogata an egg shape
( affixed to on'yomi nouns ) : a typical example of the affixed noun; the type of the affixed noun
学( がく ) 者( しゃ ) 形( がた ) gakushagata a scholar type
英( えい ) 雄( ゆう ) 形( がた ) eiyūgata a hero type
Usage notes
For a shape , the spelling 形 is more commonly used. For a type , the spelling 型 is more commonly used.
Etymology 3
From Old Japanese . First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE .[ 6]
Compound of 形 ( kata , “ shape , form ” ) + ち ( -chi ) ,[ 4] but the derivation of the chi element is unclear.
Pronunciation
Noun
形( かたち ) • (katachi )
shape or form
shapeliness : see 形有り ( katachiari )
form , as opposed to substance
Etymology 4
From Middle Chinese 形 (MC heng ). Compare modern Mandarin 形 ( xíng ) . The 漢音 ( kan'on ) reading, so likely a later borrowing.
Pronunciation
Suffix
形( けい ) • (-kei )
( linguistics ) grammatical tense
過( か ) 去( こ ) 形( けい ) kakokei the past tense
将( しょう ) 来( らい ) 形( けい ) shōraikei the future tense
( Japanese grammar ) a conjugation form of a verb
連( れん ) 用( よう ) 形( けい ) ren'yōkei the continuative form
命( めい ) 令( れい ) 形( けい ) meireikei the imperative or command form
Derived terms
Etymology 5
From Old Japanese . First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE .[ 7]
From 成り ( nari ) , the 連用形 ( ren'yōkei , “ continuative or stem form” ) of the verb 成る ( naru , “ to become ” ) .[ 7] [ 3]
First attested as a suffix on a noun in the 曾我物語 ( Soga Mongatari ) ,[ 7] of uncertain dating but probably in the late 1300s. As a suffix on a verb stem, first attested from 1927.[ 7]
Pronunciation
Usage notes
The most common spelling for this use is なり , for all parts of speech.
Noun
形( なり ) • (nari )
the shape or form of something
one's clothing and appearance
one's body shape or form
one's circumstances or situation
one's reputation
( following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 ( rentaikei ) ) or plain perfective form of a verb ) indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase : compare English just as
人( ひと ) 々( びと ) の言( い ) うなり になったhitobito no iu nari ni natta things turned out just as people were saying
( following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 ( rentaikei ) ) of an adjective ) indicates responding to the affixed adjective : compare English fitting
寒( さむ ) ければ寒( さむ ) いなり の厚( あつ ) 着( ぎ ) をするsamukereba samui nari no atsugi o suru if it's cold, then put on warm clothing / if it's cold, then put on warm clothes for cold weather
( following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 ( rentaikei ) ) of a verb ) indicates the moment of the action occurring : compare English as soon as
Synonym: や否や ( ya ina ya )
断( ことわ ) りを聞( き ) くなり 泣( な ) き出( だ ) したkotowari o kiku nari nakidashita she burst into tears as soon as she heard the rejection
幼( よう ) 稚( ち ) 園( えん ) から帰( かえ ) るなり 、母( はは ) に抱( だ ) きついてきました。Yōchien kara kaeru nari , haha ni dakitsuite kimashita. As soon as she returned from kindergarten, she clung to her mom.
( after a verb in the past tense 〜た ) ... while ...
Synonym: 儘 ( mama )
着( き ) たなり 脱( ぬ ) ごうとしませんkita nari nugō to shimasen She doesn't want to take it off while wearing it
Suffix
形( なり ) • (-nari )
following the 連用形 ( ren'yōkei , “ continuative or stem form” ) of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as
人( ひと ) 々( びと ) が言( い ) いなり になったhitobito ga iinari ni natta things turned out just as people say
following a noun, indicates a state fitting or becoming to the affixed noun
子( こ ) 供( ども ) なり に想( そう ) 像( ぞう ) するkodomo nari ni sōzō suru imagine in a way fitting for a child / imagine like a child (implies that the subject is a child)
自( じ ) 分( ぶん ) なり の判( はん ) 断( だん ) jibun nari no handan my own kind of decision / deciding in my own way
following a noun, indicates that shape or form : compare English like
弓( ゆみ ) なり になるyumi nari ni naru to become bow-shaped / to become like a bow
References
↑ 1.0 1.1 “形・型 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten ] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo : Shogakukan , 2006
^ “堅い/固い/硬い/かたい ”, in 語源由来辞典 ( Gogen Yurai Jiten , “ Etymology Derivation Dictionary ” ) (in Japanese), 2003–2024 , mentioning the likely overlap with kata .
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Matsumura, Akira , editor (2006 ), 大辞林 [Daijirin ] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo : Sanseidō , →ISBN
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997 ), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten ] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo : Sanseidō , →ISBN
↑ 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute , editor (1998 ), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary ] (in Japanese), Tokyo : NHK Publishing, Inc. , →ISBN
^ “形・容 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten ] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo : Shogakukan , 2006
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 “形・態 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten ] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo : Shogakukan , 2006
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 形 (MC heng ).
Pronunciation
Hanja
Wikisource
形 (eumhun 모양 형 ( moyang hyeong ) )
hanja form? of 형 ( “ form ; shape ” )
Compounds
References
국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典 .
Vietnamese
Han character
形 : Hán Nôm readings: hình , hềnh
image
a figure or a silhouette
( Southern Vietnam ) a photo ; a picture
( geometry ) a shape
Clipping of hình học ( “ geometry ” ) .