怎
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See also: 咋
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Translingual
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Han character
怎 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹尸心 (HSP), four-corner 80331, composition ⿱乍心)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 379, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10431
- Dae Jaweon: page 708, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2280, character 10
- Unihan data for U+600E
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
怎 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Etymology
First attested in the word 怎生 (Yuan et al., 1996).
Contraction of 作 (MC tsak) + some variant of 物 (MC mjut, “thing; what”), literally “to do what” (Norman, 1988). This is evidenced in forms found in the Tang and Song dynasties (Yuan et al., 1996): 作勿生 (MC tsak mjut sraeng) , 作沒生 (MC tsak mwot sraeng) , 作摩 (MC tsak ma) , 作麼 (MC tsak maX) .
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): zam2 / zaam2 / dim2
- Eastern Min (BUC): ciōng / cīng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5tsen
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄗㄣˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zěn
- Wade–Giles: tsên3
- Yale: dzěn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeen
- Palladius: цзэнь (czɛnʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sən²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zam2 / zaam2 / dim2
- Yale: jám / jáam / dím
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzam2 / dzaam2 / dim2
- Guangdong Romanization: zem2 / zam2 / dim2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɐm³⁵/, /t͡saːm³⁵/, /tiːm³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- zam2 - literary;
- zaam2 - literary (rare);
- dim2 - vernacular (most likely unrelated), more commonly written as 點.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ciōng / cīng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡suoŋ³³/, /t͡siŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- ciōng - vernacular (also written as 蔣);
- cīng - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chóaⁿ
- Tâi-lô: tsuánn
- Phofsit Daibuun: zvoar
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡suã⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡suã⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chài
- Tâi-lô: tsài
- Phofsit Daibuun: zaix
- IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sai⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cháiⁿ
- Tâi-lô: tsáinn
- Phofsit Daibuun: zvae
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sãi⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡sãi⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chá
- Tâi-lô: tsá
- Phofsit Daibuun: zar
- IPA (Taipei): /t͡sa⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sa⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chóa
- Tâi-lô: tsuá
- Phofsit Daibuun: zoar
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sua⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /t͡sua⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chái
- Tâi-lô: tsái
- Phofsit Daibuun: zae
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sai⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /t͡sai⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chím
- Tâi-lô: tsím
- Phofsit Daibuun: ciem
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sim⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡sim⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chérm
- Tâi-lô: tsérm
- IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡səm⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- chóaⁿ/chài/cháiⁿ/chá/chóa/chái - vernacular;
- chím/chérm - literary.
Definitions
怎
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 怎麼 (“how”)
Compounds
References
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01333
- “怎”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
怎
Readings
- On (unclassified): しん (shin)、そ (so)、そう (sō)
- Kun: いかで (ikade, 怎で)、どう (dou, 怎う)、どうで (doude, 怎うで)、なんぞ (nanzo, 怎)、いかで (ikade, 怎)、どう (dō, 怎)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 怎 |
| いかで Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 怎 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 怎, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 怎 |
| どう Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 如何 |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 怎 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 怎, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.) |
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 怎 |
| なんぞ Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 怎 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 怎, is an alternative spelling (obsolete) of the above term.) |
Vietnamese
Han character
怎: Hán Nôm readings: chẩm, chẩn, tẩn, trẫm
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