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恐. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
恐, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
恐 in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
恐 you have here. The definition of the word
恐 will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition of
恐, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Translingual
Han character
恐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or 難一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 17331, composition ⿱⿰工凡心(GJKV) or ⿱⿰工⿹⺄㐅心(HT))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 384, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10552
- Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 25
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2289, character 8
- Unihan data for U+6050
Chinese
Glyph origin
|
Old Chinese
|
缸
|
*kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
|
篢
|
*kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
|
贑
|
*kluːmʔ
|
涳
|
*ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
|
江
|
*kroːŋ
|
肛
|
*kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
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扛
|
*kroːŋ
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杠
|
*kroːŋ
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豇
|
*kroːŋ
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茳
|
*kroːŋ
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釭
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*kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
|
矼
|
*kroːŋ
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玒
|
*kroːŋ, *koːŋ
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虹
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*kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
|
腔
|
*kʰroːŋ
|
崆
|
*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
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羫
|
*kʰroːŋ
|
控
|
*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
|
椌
|
*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
|
悾
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*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
|
跫
|
*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
|
啌
|
*qʰroːŋ
|
谾
|
*qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
|
舡
|
*qʰroːŋ
|
缻
|
*ɡroːŋ
|
項
|
*ɡroːŋʔ
|
屸
|
*ɡ·roːŋ
|
功
|
*koːŋ
|
工
|
*koːŋ
|
疘
|
*koːŋ
|
魟
|
*koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
|
攻
|
*koːŋ, *kuːŋ
|
愩
|
*koːŋ
|
碽
|
*koːŋ
|
貢
|
*koːŋs
|
羾
|
*koːŋs
|
空
|
*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
|
箜
|
*kʰoːŋ
|
硿
|
*kʰoːŋ
|
埪
|
*kʰoːŋ
|
鵼
|
*kʰoːŋ
|
倥
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*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
|
鞚
|
*kʰoːŋs
|
叿
|
*qʰoːŋ
|
嗊
|
*qʰoːŋʔ
|
訌
|
*ɡoːŋ
|
紅
|
*ɡoːŋ
|
仜
|
*ɡoːŋ
|
葒
|
*ɡoːŋ
|
渱
|
*ɡoːŋ
|
鴻
|
*ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
|
汞
|
*ɡoːŋʔ
|
澒
|
*ɡoːŋʔ
|
鞏
|
*koŋʔ
|
巩
|
*koŋʔ
|
銎
|
*kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
|
恐
|
*kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
|
蛩
|
*ɡoŋ
|
筇
|
*ɡoŋ
|
桏
|
*ɡoŋ
|
邛
|
*ɡoŋ
|
In the Shuowen Jiezi appears as phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 𢀜 () + semantic 心 (“heart”). The modern form can be interpreted as phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)
Pronunciation
Rime
|
Character
|
恐
|
恐
|
Reading #
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1/2
|
2/2
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Initial (聲)
|
溪 (29)
|
溪 (29)
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Final (韻)
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鍾 (7)
|
鍾 (7)
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Tone (調)
|
Rising (X)
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Departing (H)
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Openness (開合)
|
Open
|
Open
|
Division (等)
|
III
|
III
|
Fanqie
|
丘隴切
|
區用切
|
Baxter
|
khjowngX
|
khjowngH
|
Reconstructions
|
Zhengzhang Shangfang
|
/kʰɨoŋX/
|
/kʰɨoŋH/
|
Pan Wuyun
|
/kʰioŋX/
|
/kʰioŋH/
|
Shao Rongfen
|
/kʰioŋX/
|
/kʰioŋH/
|
Edwin Pulleyblank
|
/kʰuawŋX/
|
/kʰuawŋH/
|
Li Rong
|
/kʰioŋX/
|
/kʰioŋH/
|
Wang Li
|
/kʰĭwoŋX/
|
/kʰĭwoŋH/
|
Bernard Karlgren
|
/kʰi̯woŋX/
|
/kʰi̯woŋH/
|
Expected Mandarin Reflex
|
qiǒng
|
qiòng
|
Expected Cantonese Reflex
|
hung2
|
hung3
|
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
Character
|
恐
|
Reading #
|
1/1
|
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
|
kǒng
|
Middle Chinese
|
‹ khjowngX ›
|
Old Chinese
|
/*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/
|
English
|
fear
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
Character
|
恐
|
恐
|
Reading #
|
1/2
|
2/2
|
No.
|
4071
|
4072
|
Phonetic component
|
工
|
工
|
Rime group
|
東
|
東
|
Rime subdivision
|
0
|
0
|
Corresponding MC rime
|
恐
|
恐
|
Old Chinese
|
/*kʰoŋʔ/
|
/*kʰoŋs/
|
Definitions
恐
- to fear; to be afraid
- fearful; apprehensive
- perhaps; may (not)
Compounds
References
Japanese
Kanji
恐
(Jōyō kanji)
- fear; be afraid
- threaten
- probably
Readings
Compounds
Korean
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
Hanja
Wikisource
恐 (eumhun 두려울 공 (duryeoul gong))
- hanja form? of 공 (“fear, be scared, be apprehensive”)
Vietnamese
Han character
恐: Hán Việt readings: khúng, khủng
恐: Nôm readings: khủng, thứ
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
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