散

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散 U+6563, 散
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6563
← 敢
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敤 →

Translingual

Han character

散 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿月人大 (TBOK), four-corner 48240, composition ⿰⿱龷月攵)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 34
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13265
  • Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1465, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+6563

Chinese

trad. 散
simp. # 散
alternative forms 㪚
撒 Hokkien
嘇／𰇼 Hokkien
糝／糁 Hokkien

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 散
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (散) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
散 *saːnʔ, *saːns
糤 *saːnʔ
繖 *saːnʔ, *saːns
饊 *saːnʔ
鏾 *saːnʔ
潸 *sraːn, *sraːnʔ
霰 *sqʰeːns
撒 *saːd

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 竹 (“bamboo”) + 攴 (“to knock, to tap”) – to smash bamboos.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːnʔ, *saːns) : semantic 肉 + phonetic 𢽳 ().

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjwar ~ g/b-sjwa-n/t (“flow; pour; scatter; spill; sow; broadcast”). Cognate with 撒 (OC *saːd, “to cast away; to let go”), 宣 (OC *sqʰon, “to spread; to proclaim”), Tibetan འཆོར་བ ('chor ba, “to escape; to flow out”), Burmese သွန် (swan, “to pour out; to spill”), Lahu šē (“to sow; to broadcast”), Lahu šêʔ (“to pour; to spill; to disperse; to sow; to broadcast”).

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • sóaⁿ - vernacular;
  • sán - literary;
  • sám - literary ("to sprinkle, to spread, to gobble, carelessly, casually");
  • sáng - literary ("to put on the fire").
Note: suan2 - “medicine in powdered form”.
Rime
Character 散
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇旱切
Baxter sanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɑnX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sɑnX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɑnX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sanX/
Li
Rong 		/sɑnX/
Wang
Li 		/sɑnX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sɑnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		saan2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 散
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sanX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁaʔ/
English scattered (adj.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 散
Reading # 1/2
No. 10967
Phonetic
component 		散
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		散
Old
Chinese 		/*saːnʔ/
Notes 說文左上從林

Definitions

散

  1. free and unfettered
  2. natural and restrained; at ease
  3. loose; free
  4. to become loose; to break apart; to fall apart
  5. scattered; fragmentary; odd; apart; sporadic; temporary
  6. mixed and disorderly; miscellaneous; random
  7. (literature) free from parallelism
  8. careless; incautious; inattentive
  9. ordinary; useless
  10. (traditional Chinese medicine) medicine in powder form
  11. (Hokkien) to sprinkle; to spread (such as salt, powder, wood, ashes, medicinal powder, sawdust, fuel, etc.)
  12. (Quanzhou and Tong'an Hokkien) to put on the fire (such as wood or fuel)
  13. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gobble; to devour; to gorge
  14. (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) casually; at random; carelessly; haphazardly; randomly; as one pleases; without restraint or goal

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

trad. 散
simp. # 散
alternative forms 剼／𱐠 Hokkien
Note:
  • sòaⁿ - vernacular;
  • sàn - literary (courageous, to stroll, to induce sweat, poor);
  • sàm - literary ("buttoned, fastened, buckled, clasped").
Rime
Character 散
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇旰切
Baxter sanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɑnH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sɑnH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɑnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sanH/
Li
Rong 		/sɑnH/
Wang
Li 		/sɑnH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sɑnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		saan3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 散
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə-sˁaʔ-s/
English scatter (v.t.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 散
Reading # 2/2
No. 10972
Phonetic
component 		散
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		繖
Old
Chinese 		/*saːns/

Definitions

散

  1. to break up; to disperse; to scatter
  2. to distribute; to disseminate
  3. to open; to open wide
  4. to dissipate; to distract; to find diversion
  5. to run away; to escape; to flee
  6. to express; to declare; to explain
  7. to end; to finish; to be over
  8. to lose; to miss
  9. to herd; to graze; to walk (animals)
  10. chaotic; helter-skelter
  11. (Hokkien) to induce sweat
  12. (Hokkien) buttoned; fastened with a Chinese button knot or button; buckled; clasped
    長衫散裙／长衫散裙 [Hokkien]  ―  tn̂g-saⁿ sàm-kûn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  long gown and full flowing skirt (full Ming dynasty dress)
  13. (Mainland China Hokkien) courageous; fearless
  14. (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) to stroll; to saunter; to go for a walk
  15. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) poor

Synonyms

  • (poor):

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

散

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. scatter

Readings

Compounds

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

散 • (san) (hangeul 산, revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)

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Vietnamese

Han character

散: Hán Nôm readings: tản, tảng, tan, tởn, tán

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