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See also:
U+6B49, 歉
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B49

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Han character

(Kangxi radical 76, +10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 廿金弓人 (TCNO) or 難廿金弓人 (XTCNO), four-corner 87282, composition )

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 570, character 30
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16159
  • Dae Jaweon: page 958, character 30
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2148, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+6B49

Chinese

simp. and trad.
2nd round simp.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms) : phonetic (OC *keːm, *keːms) + semantic (person with mouth open) to convey the original meaning of feeling hunger after eating. The phonetic component 兼 could be a reference to food since it represents a hand holding two crop plants.

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Initial () (29) (29) (29)
Final () (157) (151) (151)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division () IV II II
Fanqie
Baxter khemX kheamX kheamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰemX/ /kʰˠɛmX/ /kʰˠɛmH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰemX/ /kʰᵚæmX/ /kʰᵚæmH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰɛmX/ /kʰɐmX/ /kʰɐmH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɛmX/ /kʰəɨmX/ /kʰəɨmH/
Li
Rong
/kʰemX/ /kʰɐmX/ /kʰɐmH/
Wang
Li
/kʰiemX/ /kʰɐmX/ /kʰɐmH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰiemX/ /kʰămX/ /kʰămH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qiǎn qiǎn qiàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
him2 haam2 haam3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiàn
Middle
Chinese
‹ khɛmH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʰˁremʔ-s/
English deficient, modest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4
No. 6033 6034 6071 6075
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2 2 2 2
Corresponding
MC rime
㦿
Old
Chinese
/*kʰreːms/ /*kʰreːmʔ/ /*kʰeːmʔ/ /*kʰeːms/
Notes

Definitions

  1. deficient; lacking; insufficient
  2. to apologize
  3. to regret; to be dissatisfied
  4. crop failure; poor harvest
  5. (obsolete) to not eat enough food

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. insufficiency
  2. lack
  3. shortage

Readings

  • On (unclassified): けん (ken)かん (kan)
  • Kun: あきたりない (akitarinai)

Korean

Hanja

(gyeom) (hangeul , revised gyeom, McCune–Reischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)

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Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: gồm, khiểm, khiễm, khiệm

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