死ぬ

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sinu. Appears in the oldest Japanese texts, including the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū^[1] of 759 CE.^[2][3][4]

The ぬ (nu) ending historically had an irregular conjugation pattern, shared only by now-obsolete verb 往ぬ, 去ぬ (inu, “go away; pass; disappear”) and auxiliary verb ぬ (nu, indicating completion, generally reserved for non-intentional, spontaneous, or intransitive actions). The ぬ (nu) in verb 死ぬ was viewed as identical to the auxiliary,^[4] and the verb 死ぬ initially was thus never conjugated with this auxiliary as an additional suffix.^[2][3][4]

The auxiliary itself may have derived from the verb 往ぬ, 去ぬ (inu, “go away; pass; disappear”),^[2][3][4] raising the possibility that the verb 死ぬ may have derived from a fusion of 死 (shi, “death”) + 往ぬ, 去ぬ (inu, “go away; pass; disappear”).

The transition from the ナ行変格活用 (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “na irregular conjugation”) pattern to the regular 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) appears in texts from the Muromachi period (1336–1573).^[2] The na irregular pattern persisted in increasingly limited use until the Meiji period (1868–1929).^[3]

• (Tokyo) しぬ (Heiban – )^[3][5][6]
• IPA^(key):

死(し)ぬ • (shinu) intransitive godan (stem 死(し)に (shini), past 死(し)んだ (shinda))

1. to die

   死(し)にたいほど苦(くる)しい

   shinitai hodo kurushii

   so excruciating one wishes to die

   大(だい)事(じ)な人(ひと)に死(し)なれる

   daiji na hito ni shinareru

   to have someone important die on you → to lose someone important

   • 2001 January 23, Masami Kurumada, “女神(アテナ)の聖闘士(セイント)の巻(まき) [Athena’s Saints]”, in Saint(セイント)星(セイ)矢(ヤ) [Saint Seiya], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 298:

     ドラゴン紫(シ)龍(リュウ)は死(し)んだ‼

     Doragon Shiryū wa shinda‼

     Dragon Shiryū is dead!!

   • 2010, “夕方(ゆうがた)のピアノ (Yūgata no piano)”, の子(こ) (Noko) (lyrics), performed by 神聖(しんせい)かまってちゃん (Shinsei Kamattechan) [Shinsei Kamattechan]:

     死(し)ねよ佐藤(さとう)　おまえのために

     Shine yo Satō omae no tame ni

     Go kill yourself, Sato, for your own fucking sake

     (literally, “Die, Sato, for your own sake”)

2. (by extension) to die, to perish, to cease to be anymore

   (Can we add an example for this sense?)

3. to become lifeless, to lack vitality, to show a lack of vigor

   目(め)が死(し)んだような人(ひと)

   me ga shinda yō na hito

   person with dead eyes

   (literally, “person with eyes that appear to have died”)

This Japanese verb denotes an instantaneous action. The -te / -de + iru grammatical form is usually described in English as equivalent to the present progressive. However, for Japanese instantaneous verbs, this -te / -de + iru grammatical form instead more commonly indicates that the action of the verb has completed, and the result of the verb is the new current state.

For instance, shinu specifically denotes the instantaneous action of dying, whereas the English verb die denotes more of a process. To express the idea of someone is now in the process of transitioning from alive to dead, English speakers would use the present continuous construction, someone is dying. However, the similar grammatical construction in Japanese, 誰かが死んでいる (dare ka ga shinde iru), instead means that someone is dead. To express the process in Japanese, speakers use the alternative constructions 死んでいるところだ (shinde iru tokoro da, literally “it is the moment of dying”) or 死にかけている (shinikakete iru, literally “starting to die”).

• See Thesaurus:死ぬ

• 生(う)まれる (umareru, “be born”)
• 生(い)きる (ikiru, “live”)

• 滅(ほろ)びる (horobiru), 滅(ほろ)ぶ (horobu)
• 潰(つぶ)れる (tsubureru), 潰(つい)える (tsuieru)

死ぬ is the only modern Japanese verb which ends in ぬ (an older example is 去ぬ (inu, “to go, to leave”), which is now archaic). Accordingly, it is often used in textbooks to illustrate the conjugation pattern for 〜ぬ verbs.