殘

殘 (Kangxi radical 78, 歹+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一弓戈戈 (MNII), four-corner 1325₃, composition ⿰歹戔)

• 䉔, 𦺐, 𭼨, 𥂫

• 残 (cán) (in simplified Chinese)
• 残 (in Japanese shinjitai)

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 581, character 37
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16506
• Dae Jaweon: page 974, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1389, character 4
• Unihan data for U+6B98

Historical forms of the character 殘
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlaːn, *zaːns) : semantic 歹 (“vicious, bones”) + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn) – to viciously harm, injure.

Semantic was originally 歺, but was simplified to 歹.

殘

1. to damage; to destroy

   • 傷善者國之殘也，蔽善者國之讒也，愬無罪者國之賊也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     伤善者国之残也，蔽善者国之谗也，愬无罪者国之贼也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Shuoyuan, circa 1^st century BCE

     Shāng shàn zhě guó zhī cán yě, bì shàn zhě guó zhī chán yě, sù wúzuì zhě guó zhī zéi yě.

     To harm good people is for the kingdom to be damaged; to block out good people is for the kingdom to be slandered; to bring claims against the innocent is for the kingdom to be despoiled.

   • 小忠，大忠之賊也；小利，大利之殘也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     小忠，大忠之贼也；小利，大利之残也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Shuoyuan, circa 1^st century BCE

     Xiǎo zhōng, dà zhōng zhī zéi yě; xiǎo lì, dà lì zhī cán yě.

     A lesser loyalty despoils a greater loyalty; a lesser profit is the ruin of the greater good.

   • 王曰：「若信有道，不可伐也。」
     對曰：「大之伐小，強之伐弱，猶大魚之吞小魚也，若虎之食豚也，惡有其不得理？」
     文王興師伐徐，殘之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     王曰：「若信有道，不可伐也。」
     对曰：「大之伐小，强之伐弱，犹大鱼之吞小鱼也，若虎之食豚也，恶有其不得理？」
     文王兴师伐徐，残之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Shuoyuan, circa 1^st century BCE

     Wáng yuē: “Ruò xìn yǒu dào, bù kě fá yě.”
     Duì yuē: “Dà zhī fá xiǎo, qiáng zhī fá ruò, yóu dà yú zhī tūn xiǎo yú yě, ruò hǔ zhī shí tún yě, wū yǒu qí bù dé lǐ?”
     Wénwáng xìngshī fá Xú, cán zhī.

     The king said, "If they are trustworthy, they have the Way. They cannot be attacked."
     They answered, "The great attacking the small and the strong attacking the weak is like the big fish swallowing the smaller fish and the tiger eating the pig. How could that be unprincipled?"
     King Wén raised an army, attacked Xú, and destroyed it.

2. to kill; to injure
3. severe; cruel; brutal

   • 善人為邦百年，亦可以勝殘去殺矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     善人为邦百年，亦可以胜残去杀矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

     Shànrén wéi bāng bǎinián, yì kěyǐ shèng cán qù shā yǐ.

     If a good person governs a country for a hundred years, he will be able to prevail over the brutal and eliminate capital punishments.

   • 故君之御下，民奢侈者，則應之以儉；驕淫者，則統之以理；未有上仁而下殘，上義而下爭者也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     故君之御下，民奢侈者，则应之以俭；骄淫者，则统之以理；未有上仁而下残，上义而下争者也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Lu Jia, Xinyu (A New Discourse), c. 197 BCE

     Gù jūn zhī yù xià, mín shēchǐ zhě, zé yìng zhī yǐ jiǎn; jiāoyín zhě, zé tǒng zhī yǐ lǐ; wèi yǒu shàng rén ér xià cán, shàng yì ér xià zhēng zhě yě.

     Thus, the ruler's mastery of his subjects : if the people are extravagant, then answer them with thriftiness, and if the people are lascivious, then lead them with principle. There has never been a benevolent ruler with brutal subjects, nor a righteous ruler with quarrelsome subjects.

4. to fade away; to wither; to erode; to deteriorate

   • 快快而亡者，怒也，察察而殘者，忮也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     快快而亡者，怒也，察察而残者，忮也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     Kuàikuài ér wáng zhě, nù yě, cháchá ér cán zhě, zhì yě.

     If someone is prompt to act but finds ruin, it is anger. If someone is meticulous but faces deterioration, it is stubbornness.

   • 聲色者，淫也；貪姦者，惑也，夫淫惑之國，不亡必殘。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     声色者，淫也；贪奸者，惑也，夫淫惑之国，不亡必残。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Shuoyuan, circa 1^st century BCE

     Shēngsè zhě, yín yě; tānjiān zhě, huò yě, fú yín huò zhī guó, bù wáng bì cán.

     music and women is being degenerate, and to crave for illicit sex is being deluded. As for a kingdom that is degenerate and deluded, if it is not destroyed, it will surely be eroded.

5. incomplete; fragmentary

   • 昔者管子說襄公，襄公不說，是不辯也；欲立公子糾而不能，是無能也；家殘於齊而無憂色，是不慈也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     昔者管子说襄公，襄公不说，是不辩也；欲立公子纠而不能，是无能也；家残于齐而无忧色，是不慈也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Shuoyuan, circa 1^st century BCE

     Xīzhě Guǎnzǐ shuō Xiānggōng, Xiānggōng bù yuè, shì bù biàn yě; yù lì gōngzǐ Jiū ér bù néng, shì wúnéng yě; jiā cán yú qí ér wú yōusè, shì bù cí yě.

     Master Guǎn once spoke to Duke Xiāng, and Duke Xiāng was not pleased; this was being a poor rhetorician. He wanted to crown the duke's son Jiū but could not; this was incompetence. His family was not properly ordered and there was no worried look on his face; this was a lack of fatherly love.

6. remaining; leftover; to be left, to remain

   殘冬／残冬  ―  cándōng  ―  end of winter

7. (Southern Min) trace of saliva (on an object)
8. (Cantonese) old-looking; dilapidated
9. (Southern Sixian Hakka) naughty; mischievous

• (cruel):

• (naughty):

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 残)

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• Go-on: ざん (zan)
• Kan-on: さん (san)
• Kun: のこる (nokoru, 殘る)、のこす (nokosu, 殘す)、そこなう (sokonau, 殘なう)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, 殘なふ, historical)}、ひどい (hidoi)、むごい (mugoi)

殘 • (jan) (hangeul 잔, revised jan, McCune–Reischauer chan, Yale can)

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殘: Hán Nôm readings: tàn

• 殘疾 tàn tật
• 殘杯 tàn bôi

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• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999