沙
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放大顯示的沙子，本為一平方釐米
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Translingual
Han character
沙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 39120, composition ⿰氵少)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 611, character 21
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
- Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1562, character 9
- Unihan data for U+6C99
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
沙 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 沙 | |
|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
|
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”).
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sa1
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): са (sa, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): sa1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): sa1
- Northern Min (KCR): suói / sá
- Eastern Min (BUC): săi / să
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1so
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sa1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sha
- Wade–Giles: sha1
- Yale: shā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
- Palladius: ша (ša)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂä⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: sa1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sa
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: са (sa, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: saa1
- Yale: sā
- Cantonese Pinyin: saa1
- Guangdong Romanization: sa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /saː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: sa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: sa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâ
- Hakka Romanization System: saˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: sa1
- Sinological IPA: /sa²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: sa1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /sa¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: suói / sá
- Sinological IPA (key): /suɛ⁵⁴/, /sa⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
Note:
- suói - vernacular;
- sá - literary.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: săi / să
- Sinological IPA (key): /sai⁵⁵/, /sa⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- săi - vernacular;
- să - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se
- Tâi-lô: se
- Phofsit Daibuun: sef
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /se⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sa
- Tâi-lô: sa
- Phofsit Daibuun: saf
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sa⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sa³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: see
- Tâi-lô: see
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ⁴⁴/
Note:
- soa, se - vernacular;
- sa/see - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sua1 / sa1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sua / sa
- Sinological IPA (key): /sua³³/, /sa³³/
Note:
- sua1 - vernacular;
- sa1 - literary.
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 沙 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʂa⁵⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ʂa⁴⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /sɑ²¹/ | |
| Jinan | /ʂa²¹³/ | |
| Qingdao | /ʂa²¹³/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ʂa²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /sa²¹/ | |
| Xining | /sa⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ʂa⁴⁴/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ʂa³¹/ | |
| Ürümqi | /sa⁴⁴/ | |
| Wuhan | /sa²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /sa⁵⁵/ | |
| Guiyang | /sa⁵⁵/ | |
| Kunming | /ʂa̠⁴⁴/ | |
| Nanjing | /ʂɑ³¹/ | |
| Hefei | /ʂa²¹/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /sa¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /sɑ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /sa³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /so⁵³/ |
| Suzhou | /so⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /sɑ³³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /so³³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /sa³¹/ |
| Tunxi | /sɔ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sa³³/ |
| Xiangtan | /dɒ³³/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /sɑ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | /sɑ²⁴/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sa⁵³/ |
| Nanning | /sa⁵⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /sa⁵⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sa⁵⁵/ /sua⁵⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /sa⁴⁴/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /suɛ⁵⁴/ /sa⁵⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /sua³³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /sa²³/ /tua²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: srae, sraeH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*sˤraj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sraːl/, /*sraːls/
Definitions
沙
- sand
- (usually used in place names) shoal
- something granular
- 豆沙 ― dòushā ― red bean paste
- mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
- (of a voice) hoarse; husky
- (obsolete) the number 10-8
- Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
- 沙俄 ― Shā'é ― Russian Empire
- (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”).
- (Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”).
- (Hong Kong) Short for 沙田 (shātián, “Sha Tin”).
- a surname
Synonyms
- (sand):
Dialectal synonyms of 沙子 (“sand”)
Compounds
- 一片散沙
- 一盤散沙／一盘散沙 (yīpánsǎnshā)
- 三沙 (Sānshā)
- 中沙 (Zhōngshā, “Zhongsha”)
- 中沙群島／中沙群岛 (Zhōngshā Qúndǎo)
- 丹沙 (dānshā)
- 乾村沙／干村沙
- 佉沙
- 勢沙／势沙
- 南沙群島／南沙群岛 (Nánshā Qúndǎo)
- 博浪沙
- 叻沙 (lèshā)
- 吐沙拉 (Tǔshālā)
- 吾合沙魯／吾合沙鲁 (Wúhéshālǔ)
- 吳沙／吴沙 (Wúshā)
- 含沙射影 (hánshāshèyǐng)
- 含沙量
- 命染黃沙／命染黄沙
- 唱籌量沙／唱筹量沙
- 喇沙 (lǎshā)
- 固沙林 (gùshālín)
- 團沙群島／团沙群岛 (Tuánshā Qúndǎo)
- 塗沙／涂沙
- 塵沙／尘沙
- 奓沙
- 尖沙咀 (Jiānshāzuǐ)
- 巫沙布提俑
- 巴爾沙／巴尔沙
- 平沙落雁
- 弄鬼搏沙
- 恆河沙數／恒河沙数 (hénghéshāshù)
- 愛沙尼亞／爱沙尼亚 (Àishāníyà)
- 懷沙／怀沙
- 扒沙
- 打破沙鍋／打破沙锅
- 折戟沉沙 (zhéjǐchénshā)
- 披沙揀金／披沙拣金
- 披沙簡金／披沙简金
- 排沙簡金／排沙简金
- 掿沙
- 摶沙／抟沙
- 摶沙作飯／抟沙作饭
- 摶沙嚼蠟／抟沙嚼蜡
- 攔沙壩／拦沙坝
- 散沙 (sǎnshā)
- 既不沙
- 曾母暗沙 (Zēngmǔ Ànshā)
- 村沙
- 村沙樣勢／村沙样势
- 東沙／东沙 (Dōngshā)
- 板沙 (bǎnshā)
- 杷沙
- 東沙群島／东沙群岛 (Dōngshā Qúndǎo)
- 查沙
- 毘婆沙部／毗婆沙部
- 沙丁魚／沙丁鱼 (shādīngyú)
- 沙三
- 沙丘 (shāqiū)
- 沙俄 (Shā'é)
- 沙克疫苗
- 沙其馬／沙其马
- 沙勞越／沙劳越
- 沙包 (shābāo)
- 沙化 (shāhuà)
- 沙參／沙参 (shāshēn)
- 沙口 (Shākǒu)
- 沙啞／沙哑 (shāyǎ)
- 沙嗲
- 沙噀
- 沙嘴 (shāzuǐ)
- 沙土 (shātǔ)
- 沙地 (shādì)
- 沙坑
- 沙坪 (Shāpíng)
- 沙基慘案／沙基惨案 (Shājī Cǎn'àn)
- 沙場／沙场 (shāchǎng)
- 沙塵／沙尘 (shāchén)
- 沙壪河／沙塆河 (Shāwānhé)
- 沙士 (shāshì)
- 沙壺／沙壶
- 沙子 (shāzi)
- 沙岸
- 沙崙／沙仑 (Shālún)
- 沙州 (Shāzhōu)
- 沙市 (Shāshì)
- 沙彌／沙弥 (shāmí)
- 沙微 (sa-bui) (Min Nan)
- 沙悟淨／沙悟净 (Shā Wùjìng)
- 沙手
- 沙拉 (shālā)
- 沙拉油 (shālāyóu)
- 沙文主義／沙文主义 (shāwén zhǔyì)
- 沙暴 (shābào)
- 沙柱
- 沙梨 (shālí)
- 沙棗／沙枣 (shāzǎo)
- 沙棠
- 沙欖／沙榄 (Cantonese)
- 沙殼子／沙壳子
- 沙水
- 沙汰 (shātài)
- 沙沙 (shāshā)
- 沙河 (Shāhé)
- 沙河口 (Shāhékǒu)
- 沙洋 (Shāyáng)
- 沙洲 (shāzhōu)
- 沙淺兒／沙浅儿
- 沙湖 (Shāhú)
- 沙溪 (Shāxī)
- 沙漏 (shālòu)
- 沙漠 (shāmò)
- 沙漠之舟 (shāmò zhī zhōu)
- 沙漠氣候／沙漠气候
- 沙灘／沙滩 (shātān)
- 沙牆／沙墙
- 沙狐 (shāhú)
- 沙獾 (shāhuān)
- 沙琪瑪／沙琪玛 (shāqímǎ)
- 沙瓤兒／沙瓤儿 (shārángr)
- 沙田 (shātián)
- 沙發／沙发 (shāfā)
- 沙發床／沙发床 (shāfāchuáng)
- 沙皇 (shāhuáng)
- 沙盤／沙盘 (shāpán)
- 沙盤推演／沙盘推演
- 沙礫／沙砾 (shālì)
- 沙窩／沙窝 (Shāwō)
- 沙肝兒／沙肝儿 (shāgānr)
- 沙船
- 沙茶 (shāchá)
- 沙荒
- 沙蕩／沙荡 (Shādàng)
- 沙蠶／沙蚕 (shācán)
- 沙袋 (shādài)
- 沙裡淘金／沙里淘金
- 沙賓疫苗／沙宾疫苗
- 沙道溝／沙道沟 (Shādàogōu)
- 沙道觀／沙道观 (Shādàoguàn)
- 沙金 (shājīn)
- 沙錢／沙钱
- 沙鍋／沙锅 (shāguō)
- 沙鎮溪／沙镇溪 (Shāzhènxī)
- 沙門／沙门 (shāmén)
- 沙陀 (Shātuó)
- 沙隆
- 沙雅 (Shāyǎ)
- 沙雕 (shādiāo)
- 沙雞／沙鸡 (shājī)
- 沙魚／沙鱼 (shāyú)
- 沙鷗／沙鸥 (shā'ōu)
- 沙鹿 (Shālù)
- 沙龍／沙龙 (shālóng)
- 泥沙 (níshā)
- 泥沙俱下
- 流沙 (liúshā)
- 流沙墜簡／流沙坠简
- 浪淘沙
- 海金沙 (hǎijīnshā)
- 淘沙
- 滅火沙／灭火沙
- 漂沙
- 炊沙成飯／炊沙成饭
- 炊沙鏤冰／炊沙镂冰
- 焦沙爛石／焦沙烂石
- 蒸沙成飯／蒸沙成饭
- 爬沙
- 猿鶴沙蟲／猿鹤沙虫
- 猿鶴蟲沙／猿鹤虫沙
- 白沙 (báishā)
- 白沙學派／白沙学派
- 白沙洲 (Báishāzhōu)
- 白沙灣／白沙湾
- 白沙鄉／白沙乡
- 福爾摩沙／福尔摩沙 (Fú'ěrmóshā)
- 稗沙門／稗沙门
- 紅沙／红沙 (Hóngshā)
- 聚沙之年
- 聚沙成塔 (jùshāchéngtǎ)
- 胠沙思水
- 英吉沙 (Yīngjíshā)
- 華沙／华沙 (Huáshā)
- 華沙公約／华沙公约
- 蟲沙微類／虫沙微类
- 蟲沙猿鶴／虫沙猿鹤
- 蠶沙／蚕沙 (cánshā)
- 西沙群島／西沙群岛 (Xīshā Qúndǎo)
- 觰沙
- 豆沙 (dòushā)
- 走石揚沙／走石扬沙
- 鄧沙／邓沙
- 金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
- 金沙 (jīnshā)
- 金沙江 (Jīnshājiāng)
- 金沙灘／金沙滩
- 鐵沙掌／铁沙掌
- 長沙／长沙 (Chángshā)
- 長沙會戰／长沙会战
- 防沙堤
- 防沙林
- 阿沙不魯／阿沙不鲁 (a-sa-puh-luh) (Min Nan)
- 韓信囊沙／韩信囊沙
- 風沙／风沙 (fēngshā)
- 飛沙／飞沙
- 飛沙揚礫／飞沙扬砾
- 飛沙走石／飞沙走石 (fēi shā zǒu shí)
- 飛沙走礫／飞沙走砾
- 飛沙陣／飞沙阵
- 馬沙溝／马沙沟
- 鳴沙／鸣沙
- 鳴沙山／鸣沙山 (Míngshāshān)
- 麻沙本
- 黃沙蓋面／黄沙盖面
- 龍沙／龙沙
Descendants
See also
| Chinese historical small numbers | ||
|---|---|---|
| Value | Character | Notes |
| 10-1 | 分 (fèn) | Still in use. SI prefix deci-. |
| 10-2 | 厘 (lí), 釐 (lí) | Still in use. SI prefix centi-. |
| 10-3 | 毫 (háo) | Still in use. SI prefix milli-. Also 毛 (máo). |
| 10-4 | 絲／丝 (sī) | Rarely used today. |
| 秒 (miǎo) | Obsolete, only in ancient texts. | |
| 10-5 | 忽 (hū) | Rarely used today. |
| 10-6 | 微 (wēi) | Still in use. SI prefix micro-. |
| 10-7 | 纖／纤 (xiān) | Obsolete. |
| 10-8 | 沙 (shā) | Obsolete. |
| 10-9 | 塵／尘 (chén) | Obsolete. 納／纳 (nà) and 奈 (nài) are used for nano-. |
| 10-10 | 埃 (āi) | Obsolete. In modern use, the character for angstrom (10-10 m). |
| 10-11 | 渺 (miǎo) | Obsolete. |
| 10-12 | 漠 (mò) | Obsolete. 皮 (pí) is used for SI prefix pico-. |
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shà
- Wade–Giles: sha4
- Yale: shà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shah
- Palladius: ша (ša)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
沙
- (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed
Pronunciation 3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛ
- Tongyong Pinyin: suo
- Wade–Giles: so1
- Yale: swō
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suo
- Palladius: со (so)
- Sinological IPA (key): /su̯ɔ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
沙
Compounds
Etymology 2
| For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see 砂. (This character is the second-round simplified form of 砂). |
Notes:
|
References
- “沙”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
沙
Readings
Etymology 1
Noun
Etymology 2
Noun
- small rock
- sand
Etymology 3
Noun
- Number of units, 1 of 100 million parts.
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 沙 (MC srae|sraeH). Recorded as Middle Korean 사 (sa) (Yale: sa) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
Compounds
Compounds
References
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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References
- Nom Foundation
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville