浪人

Attested earliest in Qimin Yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People) :

浪人

1. hobo; vagabond
2. ruffian
3. Japanese ronin
4. (colloquial) lewd person; lecher

• (lecher):

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

浪人

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Rōnin

Wikipedia

From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.

Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements.^[1] Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.

• (Tokyo) ろーにん (Heiban – )^[2][3]
• IPA^(key):

浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin) ^{←らうにん (raunin)?}

1. a masterless samurai
2. a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
   • 1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō:^[4]

     浪（ラウ）人

3. someone in exile
   • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 541:
     ^[5]

     Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.

   More specifically spelled 牢人.

4. a prisoner

   More specifically spelled 牢人.

5. someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person
   • 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)^[6]

     罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。

   • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)^[6]

     「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」

   • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)^[6]

     「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と

6. a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (​rōninsei)

• (wanderer): 流浪人(るろうにん) (rurōnin), 流浪者(るろうしゃ) (rurōsha)
• (unemployed person): 失業者(しつぎょうしゃ) (shitsugyōsha)
• (exile, prisoner): 牢者(ろうしゃ) (rōsha)

• 浪人生(ろうにんせい) (rōninsei): a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again

浪(ろう)人(にん)する • (rōnin suru) ^{←らうにん (raunin)?}suru (stem 浪(ろう)人(にん)し (rōnin shi), past 浪(ろう)人(にん)した (rōnin shita))

1. to become unemployed, to lose one's job
2. (archaic) to lose one's master
3. to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing

• (become unemployed): 失業(しつぎょう) (shitsugyō)

浪人 • (nang'in) (hangeul 낭인)

1. hanja form^? of 낭인 (“vagabond; ronin”)

浪人

1. chữ Hán form of lãng nhân (“ronin”).