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See also: , , , , , , 𤰔, and
U+7531, 由
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7531

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 102, +0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中田 (LW), four-corner 50600, composition or )

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 757, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2524, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+7531

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *lɯw) : phonetic (OC *ɡjub) + semantic (mouth) – a container with on top the pictogram of a needle (, today ), to indicate the ancient pronunciation. Compare the bottom part of the original version of , an earthenware pot. In oracle bones, 由 was used as the original version of (yóu or, in the less conservative pronunciation, chóu). See also .

Otherwise, according to Tang Lan (唐蘭), it's the pictogram of a helmet. If a helmet, may have been the same as or original character of . However, this alternative interpretation is less likely.

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to ?”)

Pronunciation


Note: jau4-2 - only used for "to follow".

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /iou³⁵/
Harbin /iou²⁴/
Tianjin /iou⁴⁵/
Jinan /iou⁴²/
Qingdao /iou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /iou⁴²/
Xi'an /iou²⁴/
Xining /iɯ²⁴/
Yinchuan /iəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /iou⁵³/
Ürümqi /iɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /iəu²¹³/
Chengdu /iəu³¹/
Guiyang /iəu²¹/
Kunming /iəu³¹/
Nanjing /iəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /iɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /iəu¹¹/
Pingyao /iəu¹³/
Hohhot /iəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦiɤ²³/
Suzhou /ɦiɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦiø²¹³/
Wenzhou /jau³¹/
Hui Shexian /iu⁴⁴/
Tunxi /iu⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /iəu¹³/
Xiangtan /iəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /i⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /iu¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jɐu²¹/
Nanning /jɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /jɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /iu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ieu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /iu²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /iu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ziu³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (36)
Final () (136)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter yuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/jɨu/
Pan
Wuyun
/jiu/
Shao
Rongfen
/iəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/juw/
Li
Rong
/iu/
Wang
Li
/jĭəu/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/i̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yóu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jau4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yóu
Middle
Chinese
‹ yuw ›
Old
Chinese
/*l/
English follow; from

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 15526
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*lɯw/

Definitions

  1. cause; reason
      ―  yuányóu  ―  cause and reason
  2. from
      ―  yóu běi dào nán  ―  from north to south
    廣州出發广州出发  ―  yóu Guǎngzhōu chūfā  ―  to depart from Guangzhou
  3. by; through; via
    側門出入侧门出入  ―  Qǐng yóu cèmén chūrù.  ―  Please enter and exit via the side door.
  4. (done) by
    處理 [MSC, trad.]
    处理 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè jiàn shì yóu wǒ lái chùlǐ ba.
    Let me handle this matter.
  5. because of; due to
  6. by means of
    此可見此可见  ―  yóucǐkějiàn  ―  thus it can be seen
    部分組成 [MSC, trad.]
    部分组成 [MSC, simp.]
    Běn shū yóu sān bùfēn zǔchéng.
    This book is composed of three parts.
  7. to pass through
    之路  ―  yóuzhīlù  ―  the path that must be taken
  8. to follow; to let one determine
    身不  ―  shēnbùyóu  ―  to be unable to determine for oneself
      ―  Yóu tā qù ba!  ―  Let him do as he pleases!
    自己 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    jau4-2 keoi5 zi6 gei2 zou6 laa1!
    Let him do it by himself!

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Vietnamese: do ()

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of – see .
(This character is a variant form of ).

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 , editor (2022), “”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

Japanese

Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. cause, reason
  2. from, arising from

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 말미암을 (malmiameul yu))

  1. hanja form? of (cause; reason)

Okinawan

Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: do, , ro, yêu, sân

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.