白菜
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白菜 (1.1) 
白菜 (1.2)
Chinese
white; empty; blank white; empty; blank; bright; clear; plain; pure; gratuitous |
dish (type of food); vegetables | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (白菜) | 白 | 菜 | |
| simp. #(白菜) | 白 | 菜 | |
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Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): be2 cai4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): быйцэ (bɨyce, I-II)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): baak6 coi3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): bak5 toi1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): bai1 cai3
- Eastern Min (BUC): băh-cái
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): pe̍h-chhài / pe̍eh-chhài
- (Teochew, Peng'im): bêh8 cai3
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8baq-tshe
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˊ ㄘㄞˋ → ㄅㄞˊ ˙ㄘㄞ (toneless final syllable variant)
- Tongyong Pinyin: báicåi
- Wade–Giles: pai2-tsʻai5
- Yale: bái-tsai
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bair.tsay
- Palladius: байцай (bajcaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/ → /paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯³/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: be2 cai4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: becai
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɛ²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: быйцэ (bɨyce, I-II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pei²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: baak6 coi3
- Yale: baahk choi
- Cantonese Pinyin: baak9 tsoi3
- Guangdong Romanization: bag6 coi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /paːk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: bak5 toi1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pak̚³² tʰᵘɔi³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pha̍k-chhoi
- Hakka Romanization System: pag coi
- Hagfa Pinyim: pag6 coi4
- Sinological IPA: /pʰak̚⁵ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: pagˋ coiˇ
- Sinological IPA: /pʰak² t͡sʰoi¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: bai1 cai3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /pai¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: băh-cái
- Sinological IPA (key): /paʔ⁵⁻²¹ (t͡s-)ʒɑi²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍h-chhài
- Tâi-lô: pe̍h-tshài
- Phofsit Daibuun: peqzhaix
- IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² t͡sʰai⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍eh-chhài
- Tâi-lô: pe̍eh-tshài
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: bêh8 cai3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pe̍h tshài
- Sinological IPA (key): /peʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰai²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Wu
Noun
白菜
- Various varieties of Brassica rapa, including:
- napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)
- 他說：「哪兒也比不了北京。北京的熬白菜也比別處好吃，——五味神在北京。」 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 1993, 汪曾祺 (Wang Zengqi), 胡同文化
- Tā shuō: “Nǎr yě bǐ bùliǎo Běijīng. Běijīng de āo báicài yě bǐ biéchù hǎochī, — Wǔwèishén zài Běijīng.”
- He said, “No place can match Beijing. Even Beijing’s boiled napa cabbage tastes better than elsewhere – Wuweishen is at Beijing.”
他说：「哪儿也比不了北京。北京的熬白菜也比别处好吃，——五味神在北京。」 [MSC, simp.]
- bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)
- 有了你開心D，乜都稱心滿意，鹹魚白菜也好好味。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 1980, 林子祥 (George Lam), 分分鐘需要你
- jau5 liu5 nei5 hoi1 sam1 di1, mat1 dou1 cing3 sam1 mun5 ji3, haam4 jyu4-2 baak6 coi3 jaa5 hou2 hou2 mei6.
- With you I'm happier, everything's going as I wish, even salted fish and bok choy make a delicious meal.
有了你开心D，乜都称心满意，咸鱼白菜也好好味。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)
Usage notes
Regional usage differs on which variety 白菜 usually refers to.
Synonyms
- (napa cabbage):
Dialectal synonyms of 大白菜 (“napa cabbage”)
- (bok choy):
Dialectal synonyms of 小白菜 (“bok choy”)
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 小白菜 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 小白菜兒 |
| Harbin | 小白菜兒 | |
| Singapore | 小白菜 | |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 小白菜兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 小白菜兒 |
| Xi'an | 小白菜 | |
| Xining | 小白菜 | |
| Xuzhou | 小白菜, 青菜 | |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 小白菜 |
| Ürümqi | 小白菜 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 白菜秧兒, 小白菜 |
| Wuhan | 白菜 | |
| Guilin | 小白菜 | |
| Liuzhou | 小白菜 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 青菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 白菜 |
| Hong Kong | 白菜 | |
| Taishan | 白菜 | |
| Dongguan | 白菜 | |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 白菜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 白菜 |
| Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 白菜仔 | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 白菜 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 白菜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 白菜 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 白菜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 白菜 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 白菜 | |
| Luchuan (Daqiao) | 小白菜 | |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 小白菜 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 白菜仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 白菜囝 |
| Fuqing | 白菜囝 | |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 青菜 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 小白菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 青菜, 小青菜 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 小青菜 | |
| Danyang | 青菜 | |
Derived terms
Descendants
Early Mandarin 白菜 (EM *pajᴸᴸtsʰajᴰ):
- → Middle Korean: ᄇᆡ〯ᄎᆡ〮 (pǒychóy)
Others:
- → Cebuano: petsay
- → English: bok choy, pak choi, bokchoi, bok choi, baicai, petsai, pechay
- → Russian: бокчо́й (bokčój)
- → Italian: pe-tsai
- → Japanese: 白菜 (pakuchoi, “bok choy”)
- → Mongolian: байцаа (bajcaa, “cabbage”)
- → Russian: петса́й (petsáj)
- → Tagalog: petsay
- → Tibetan: པད་ཚལ (pad tshal)
- → Spanish: pac-choy
See also
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 白 | 菜 |
| はく Grade: 1 |
さい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 白 | 菜 |
| ぱく Grade: 1 |
ちょい Grade: 4 |
| irregular | |
Borrowed from Cantonese 白菜 (baak6 coi3).
Pronunciation
Noun
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 白 | 菜 |