破

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破 U+7834, 破
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7834
← 砳
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 砵 →

Translingual

Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

破 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一口木竹水 (MRDHE), four-corner 14647, composition ⿰石皮)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 829, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24124
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1244, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2426, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+7834

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 破

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (皮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
陂 *pral, *prals
詖 *pral, *prals
彼 *pralʔ
柀 *pralʔ
佊 *pralʔ, *prals
貱 *prals
跛 *prals, *paːlʔ
披 *pʰral, *pʰralʔ
鈹 *pʰral
帔 *pʰral, *pʰrals
鮍 *pʰral
耚 *pʰral
狓 *pʰral
翍 *pʰral
旇 *pʰral, *brals
秛 *pʰral, *pʰrals
紴 *pʰralʔ, *paːl
皮 *bral
疲 *bral
被 *bralʔ, *brals
髲 *brals
鞁 *brals
骳 *mbralʔ
波 *paːl
碆 *paːl, *baːl
菠 *paːl
簸 *paːlʔ, *paːls
駊 *paːlʔ, *pʰaːlʔ
頗 *pʰaːl, *pʰaːlʔ, *pʰaːls
坡 *pʰaːl
玻 *pʰaːl
破 *pʰaːls
婆 *baːl
蔢 *baːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːls) : semantic 石 + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).

Etymology

According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with Burmese ဖဲ့ (hpai., “to break off a small piece”), Dimasa bai (“break”), Mizo peh (peʔ, “to break; be broken”). However, STEDT derives the above three terms from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(p/b)aj (“to break out; to break off; to hatch”) and does not compare 破 (OC *pʰaːls) to it.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • puái - vernacular;
  • pó̤ - literary.
Note:
  • pua4 - vernacular;
  • por4 - literary.
Note:
  • phò͘/phò - literary;
  • phòa - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 破
Mandarin Beijing /pʰo⁵¹/
Harbin /pʰɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /pʰo⁵³/
Jinan /pʰə²¹/
Qingdao /pʰə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /pʰo³¹²/
Xi'an /pʰo⁴⁴/
Xining /pʰɔ²¹³/
Yinchuan /pʰuə¹³/
Lanzhou /pʰə¹³/
Ürümqi /pʰɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /pʰo³⁵/
Chengdu /pʰo¹³/
Guiyang /pʰo²¹³/
Kunming /pʰo²¹²/
Nanjing /pʰo⁴⁴/
Hefei /pʰʊ⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /pʰɤ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /pʰei³⁵/
/pʰʌʔ¹³/
/pʰɔ³⁵/
Hohhot /pʰɤ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /pʰu³⁵/
Suzhou /pʰu⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /pʰo⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /pʰøy⁴²/
/pʰa⁴²/
Hui Shexian /pʰo³²⁴/
Tunxi /pʰa⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /pʰo⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /pʰo⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /pʰo²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /pʰo⁵³/
Taoyuan /pʰo⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /pʰɔ³³/
Nanning /pʰɔ³³/
Hong Kong /pʰɔ³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /pʰo²¹/
/pʰua²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /pʰuɑi²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pʰɔ³³/
/pʰuɛ³³/
/pʰo⁴⁴/ ～命
Shantou (Teochew) /pʰua²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /fo³⁵/
/fua³⁵/
Rime
Character 破
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 滂 (2)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 普過切
Baxter phaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pʰuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pʰuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/pʰuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/pʰwaH/
Li
Rong 		/pʰuɑH/
Wang
Li 		/pʰuɑH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/pʰuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		pò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		po3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 破
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		pò
Middle
Chinese 		‹ phaH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*pʰˁaj-s/
English break (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 破
Reading # 1/1
No. 9732
Phonetic
component 		皮
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		破
Old
Chinese 		/*pʰaːls/

Definitions

破

  1. to break; to tear
  2. to break; to break with; to smash
  3. to ruin; to destroy
  4. to rout; to drive out; to drive away; to banish
  5. to remove; to clear; to eliminate; to dispel
  6. to spend; to expend
  7. to cleave (with a tool or hands); to cut open; to split open
  8. to expose; to lay bare; to show up
  9. to break a banknote into small change
  10. broken; worn out; damaged
  11. (colloquial) low-quality; poor; lousy
  12. (slang) to handle; to deal with; to do
    怎麼破？／怎么破？  ―  Zěnme pò?  ―  (slang) What to do?

Synonyms

  • (to smash):
  • (to ruin):
  • (to rout):
  • (to remove):
  • (broken):
  • (low-quality):

Compounds

Descendants

  • → Thai: ผ่า (pàa)

References

  • “Entry #6400”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
  • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 , editor (2021), “破”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 445.
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 , editor (2022), “破”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 178.

Japanese

Kanji

破

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. break
  2. cut

Readings

  • Go-on: は (ha, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: は (ha, Jōyō)
  • Kun: やぶる (yaburu, 破る, Jōyō)、やぶれる (yabureru, 破れる, Jōyō)

Compounds

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

破 (eum 파 (pa))

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Vietnamese

Han character

破: Hán Nôm readings: phá, vỡ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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