磨

See also: 磿

磨	U+78E8, 磨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78E8

← 磧

CJK Unified Ideographs

磩 →

Translingual

Han character

磨 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+11, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈金一口 (ICMR) or 戈木一口 (IDMR), four-corner 0026₁, composition ⿸麻石)

Derived characters

嚰, 𫾚, 𣟖, 礳, 𥽨, 耱, 𨇢, 𭍁, 饝, 𨟖, 蘑

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 835, character 39
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24449
Dae Jaweon: page 1253, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2453, character 13
Unihan data for U+78E8

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (麻) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
麻	*mraːl
痲	*mraːl
犘	*mraːl
縻	*mral
醿	*mral
爢	*mral
蘼	mral, mralʔ, *mrɯl
靡	*mralʔ
摩	maːl, maːls
魔	*maːl
磨	maːl, maːls
劘	*maːl
麽	*maːl
麼	*maːlʔ
塺	maːls, mɯːl
麾	*hmral

Originally written as 䃺 (mó). Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *maːl, *maːls): semantic 石 (“rock”) + abbreviated phonetic 靡 (OC *mralʔ).

Etymology 1

trad.		磨
simp. ^#		磨
2nd round simp.		⿸广石

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): mó (mo²)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˊ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мә (mə, I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): mo⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nò
Eastern Min (BUC): muài / mò̤
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): bôa / mô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): bhua⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶mu; ⁶mo

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mó
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mó
  - Wade–Giles: mo²
  - Yale: mwó
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mo
  - Palladius: мо (mo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ³⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мә (mə, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mə²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: mo⁴
  - Yale: mòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mo⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: mo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔː²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nò
  - Hakka Romanization System: no^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: no²
  - Sinological IPA: /no¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: muài / mò̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muai⁵³/, /mo⁵³/

Note:

muài - vernacular;
mò̤ - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bôa
  - Tâi-lô: buâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: boaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bua¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /bua²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bua²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mô͘
  - Tâi-lô: môo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: moo
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /mɔ̃¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /mɔ̃²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /mɔ̃²³/

Note:

bôa - vernacular;
mô͘ - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: bhua⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /bua⁵⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶mu; ⁶mo
  - MiniDict: mu^去; mo^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³mu; ³mo
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mu²³/, /mo²³/

Middle Chinese: ma

Rime
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫婆切
Baxter	ma
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/muɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwa/
Li Rong	/muɑ/
Wang Li	/muɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/muɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mo⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*maːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mó
Middle Chinese	‹ ma ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁaj/
English	rub, grind
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
No.	8706
Phonetic component	麻
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	摩
Old Chinese	/*maːl/

Definitions

磨

to grind; to sharpen
to rub; to chafe
to wear away; to obliterate
to wear out; to wear down; to erode
to dawdle; to waste (time)
to pester; to plague (someone)

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad.		磨
simp. ^#		磨
2nd round simp.		⿸广石

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mò (mo⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mo⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mo
Eastern Min (BUC): mô̤
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): bō / mō͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): bho⁷

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mò
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mò
  - Wade–Giles: mo⁴
  - Yale: mwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
  - Palladius: мо (mo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: mo⁶
  - Yale: moh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mo⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: mo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔː²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mo
  - Hakka Romanization System: mo
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mo⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /mo⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: mô̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō
  - Tâi-lô: bō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: boi
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ³³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bo³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore): /bo²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bo⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mō͘
  - Tâi-lô: mōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: mo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /mɔ̃⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bho⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bō
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /bo¹¹/

Middle Chinese: maH

Rime
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	摸卧切
Baxter	maH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/muɑ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwa^H/
Li Rong	/muɑ^H/
Wang Li	/muɑ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/muɑ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mo⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*maːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò
Middle Chinese	‹ ma^H ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁaj-s/
English	grinding stone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
No.	8710
Phonetic component	麻
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*maːls/

Definitions

磨

grinder; mill
to grind; to mill
to turn around
(Cantonese) to waste time

Compounds

Etymology 3

trad.		磨
simp. ^#		磨
alternative forms		庅

Possibly from 摩 (OC *maːl, “to approach; to touch; to draw near”); cognate with Cantonese 埋 (maai4, “to approach”) (Yan et al., 2016).

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): bhua⁵

Southern Min
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bhua⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /bua⁵⁵/

Definitions

磨

(Teochew) to approach
- Late Qing/Early Republic, 《古板秦世美全歌》, volume 3, 潮州 [Chaozhou]: 李萬利, page 1:
  
  快々行庅问一声　尔是何人呾吾听 [Teochew, simp.]
  快々行庅問一聲　爾是何人呾吾聽 [Teochew, trad.]
  kuai³ kuai³ gian⁵ bhua⁵ mung⁷ zêg⁸ sian¹, le² si⁶ ho⁵ nang⁵ dan³ ua² tian¹ [Peng'im]
  quickly drew in closer to ask, “tell me who you are.”
- 1892, Kiù-Tsú Iâ-Sou Ki-Tok Kâi Sin-Ieh Tshuân-Tsṳ Chiēⁿ-Kńg Má-Thài Kàu Sài-Thû, Scotland: British and Foreign Bible Society, page 6:
  Iâ-sou thóiⁿ-kìⁿ chèng-nâng chiâⁿ-khûn, chiũ chiẽⁿ--khṳ̀ che̍k-kâi-suaⁿ, tsõ-lo̍h--liáu I kâi mn̂g-thû chiũ bûa--lâi
  耶穌看見衆人成羣，就上去一個山，坐落了伊個門徒就磨來 [Teochew, trad.]
  耶稣看见众人成羣，就上去一个山，坐落了伊个门徒就磨来 [Teochew, simp.]
  ia⁵ sou¹ toin² gin³ zêng³ nang⁵ zian⁵ kung⁵, ziu⁷ ziên⁷ ke³ zêg⁸ gai⁵ suan¹, zo⁶ loh⁸ liou² i¹ gai⁵ mng⁵ tu⁵ ziu⁷ bhua⁵ lai⁵ [Peng'im]
  Jesus saw the crowd forming, and went up a mountain. When he sat down, his disciples drew close to him

Japanese

Shinjitai	磨
Kyūjitai ^[1]^[2]	磨󠄁 磨+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	磨󠄃 磨+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

磨

(Jōyō kanji)

to polish
to grind
to brush (teeth)

Readings

From Middle Chinese 磨 (MC ma); compare Mandarin 磨 (mó):

Go-on: ま (ma, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ば (ba)

From Middle Chinese 磨 (MC maH); compare Mandarin 磨 (mò):

Go-on: ま (ma, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ば (ba)

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: みがく (migaku, 磨く, Jōyō)、する (suru, 磨る)、とぐ (togu, 磨ぐ)
Nanori: おさむ (osamu)、きよ (kiyo)、みがく (migaku)

Compounds

References

^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1546 (paper), page 825 (digital)
^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 885 (paper), page 455 (digital)

Korean

Hanja

磨 (eumhun 갈 마 (gal ma))

hanja form^? of 마 (“grind, polish, rub, wear out”)
hanja form^? of 마 (“millstone”)

Vietnamese

Han character

磨: Hán Nôm readings: ma, mài

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1546 (paper), page 825 (digital)

[2] Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 885 (paper), page 455 (digital)

[1]

[2]

磨

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Definitions

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

References

Korean

Hanja

Vietnamese

Han character

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia