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U+79CB, 秋
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79CB

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 115, +4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木火 (HDF), four-corner 29980, composition )

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 850, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24940
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1273, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2595, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+79CB

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

The oracle bone forms and bronze inscriptions show the pictogram (象形) of a cricket or a locust, sometimes with a fire glyph underneath. In its later form, became a Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *sʰɯw) : semantic (grain) + abbreviated phonetic 𤒅 (). Often thought of as an Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (grain) + (fire); after harvesting the grain, the fields are burned to kill locusts and their eggs.

Etymology 1

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms

Unclear.

Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs Old Chinese *tshiu < Proto-Chinese *C-nh(i)u and proposes its cognacy to either:

  • (OC *(n)hiu, “to reap, harvest, gather”); or
  • (OC *tsut, “to finish, end, die”), as vegetation dies in autumn; additionally in Zuozhuan, this word's referent was winter's dead vegetation.

Alternatively, Sagart (2023b) relates (OC *tsʰiw) to (OC *iw, “to collect, bring together”), whose Old Chinese reconstruction should possibly be amended to *m-tsʰiw or *m-tsiw.

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰiou⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰiou⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰiou²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiou²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡sʰiou²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡sʰiou²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiou²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiɯ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰiəu⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiou³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰiɤu⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰʰiəu⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰiəu⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰiəu⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiəu⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡sʰiəɯ³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiɯ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰiəu¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰiəu¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰiəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰiɤ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡sʰɤ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰiø³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰɤu³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰiu³¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiu¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰiəu³³/
Xiangtan /t͡sʰiəɯ³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiu⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰiu²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰɐu⁵³/
Nanning /t͡sʰɐu⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰɐu⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sʰiu⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰieu⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰiu⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sʰiu³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /siu²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (14)
Final () (136)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter tshjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡sʰɨu/
Pan
Wuyun
/t͡sʰiu/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡sʰiəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/t͡sʰuw/
Li
Rong
/t͡sʰiu/
Wang
Li
/t͡sʰĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren
/t͡sʰi̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qiū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
cau1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiū
Middle
Chinese
‹ tshjuw ›
Old
Chinese
/*tsʰiw/
English autumn; crop

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 10537
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰɯw/

Definitions

  1. harvest season
      ―  màiqiū  ―  harvest season for wheat
  2. autumn; fall
      ―  shēnqiū  ―  late autumn
  3. (literary) year
    萬代万代  ―  qiānqiūwàndài  ―  the ages to come
    [MSC, trad.]
    [MSC, simp.]
    yī rì bù jiàn, rú gé sān qiū
    a single day apart seems like three years
  4. period; time
    多事之  ―  duōshìzhīqiū  ―  troubled period
  5. autumn crops
  6. a surname
      ―  Qiū Jǐn  ―  Qiu Jin (Chinese revolutionary)
See also
Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, four seasons) (layout · text) · category
(chūn, spring) (xià, summer) (qiū, fall; autumn) (dōng, winter)

Compounds

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“swing”).
(This character is the simplified form of ).
Notes:

References

Japanese

Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. autumn

Readings

  • Go-on: しゅ (shu)しゆ (syu, historical)
  • Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)しう (siu, historical)
  • Kun: あき (aki, , Jōyō)とき (toki, )

Compounds

Etymology

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
あき
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨aki1 → */akʲi//aki/

From Old Japanese.

Likely cognate with 明き (aki, bright), (aka, red), 飽きる (akiru, to become full up, possibly in reference to the harvest), 空く (aku, to become empty), 開く (aku, to open up). However, the exact relationship of these terms remains unclear.

Pronunciation

  • Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent
※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References: [1]

Noun

(あき) (aki

  1. autumn, fall (season)

Synonyms

Derived terms

See also

Seasons in Japanese · ()() (shiki, four seasons) (layout · text) · category
(はる) (haru, spring)
(しゅん)() (shunki, spring)
(しゅん)() (shunki, spring period)
(なつ) (natsu, summer)
()() (kaki, summer)
()() (kaki, summer period)
(あき) (aki, fall; autumn)
(しゅう)() (shūki, fall; autumn)
(しゅう)() (shūki, fall period)
(ふゆ) (fuyu, winter)
(とう)() (tōki, winter)
(とう)() (tōki, winter period)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 あき 【秋】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Nakai, Yukihiko, editor (2002), 京阪系アクセント辞典 [A Dictionary of Tone on Words of the Keihan-type Dialects] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Bensei, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC tshjuw).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 츄ᇢ (Yale: chyùw)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯ (Yale: kòzòl) (Yale: chyù)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 가을 (ga'eul chu))

  1. hanja form? of (autumn; fall)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. autumn; fall

Readings

Etymology

Kanji in this term
あち
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Cognate with Japanese (aki, autumn).

Pronunciation

Noun

(あち) (achi

  1. autumn; fall

References

  • あち【秋】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: thu

  1. chữ Hán form of thu (fall, autumn).

Derived terms