Kanji in this term |
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蹴 |
け Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
*/kuwu/ → /kuweru/ → /kʷeru/ → /keru/
From Old Japanese verb 蹴う (kuu).
The conjugation shifted from 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”) (/kuwe-/, /kuu/) to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/kʷe-/, /kʷeru/) in Early Middle Japanese. This verb was the only shimo ichidan verb in Early Middle Japanese.[1]
Pronunciation of /kʷe/ changed to /ke/ before around 1300.[1]
The conjugation irregularly shifted from 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/ke-/, /keru/) to 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) (/ker-/, /keru/) after the early Edo period.[1]
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
蹴る | ける | |
Imperative (命令形) | 蹴れ | けれ | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 蹴られる | けられる | |
Causative | 蹴らせる | けらせる | |
Potential | 蹴れる | けれる | |
Volitional | 蹴ろう | けろー | |
Negative | 蹴らない | けらない | |
Negative perfective | 蹴らなかった | けらなかった | |
Formal | 蹴ります | けります | |
Perfective | 蹴った | けった | |
Conjunctive | 蹴って | けって | |
Hypothetical conditional | 蹴れば | ければ |
蹴る • (keru) transitive godan (stem 蹴り (keri), past 蹴った (ketta))
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 蹴ら | けら | kera |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 蹴り | けり | keri |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 蹴る | ける | keru |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 蹴る | ける | keru |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 蹴られる | けられる | kerareru |
Causative | 蹴らせる 蹴らす |
けらせる けらす |
keraseru kerasu |
Potential | 蹴れる | けれる | kereru |
Volitional | 蹴ろう | けろう | kerō |
Negative | 蹴らない | けらない | keranai |
Negative continuative | 蹴らず | けらず | kerazu |
Formal | 蹴ります | けります | kerimasu |
Perfective | 蹴った | けった | ketta |
Conjunctive | 蹴って | けって | kette |
Hypothetical conditional | 蹴れば | ければ | kereba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kuwe |
Continuative (連用形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kuwe |
Terminal (終止形) | 蹴う | くう | kuu |
Attributive (連体形) | 蹴うる | くうる | kuuru |
Realis (已然形) | 蹴うれ | くうれ | kuure |
Imperative (命令形) | 蹴ゑよ | くゑよ | kuweyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 蹴ゑず | くゑず | kuwezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 蹴うれど | くうれど | kuuredo |
Causal conjunction | 蹴うれば | くうれば | kuureba |
Conditional conjunction | 蹴ゑば | くゑば | kuweba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴ゑき | くゑき | kuweki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴ゑけり | くゑけり | kuwekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴ゑつ | くゑつ | kuwetu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴ゑぬ | くゑぬ | kuwenu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴ゑたり | くゑたり | kuwetari |
Volitional | 蹴ゑむ | くゑむ | kuwemu |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kwe |
Continuative (連用形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kwe |
Terminal (終止形) | 蹴ゑる | くゑる | kweru |
Attributive (連体形) | 蹴ゑる | くゑる | kweru |
Realis (已然形) | 蹴ゑれ | くゑれ | kwere |
Imperative (命令形) | 蹴ゑよ | くゑよ | kweyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 蹴ゑず | くゑず | kwezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 蹴ゑれど | くゑれど | kweredo |
Causal conjunction | 蹴ゑれば | くゑれば | kwereba |
Conditional conjunction | 蹴ゑば | くゑば | kweba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴ゑき | くゑき | kweki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴ゑけり | くゑけり | kwekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴ゑつ | くゑつ | kwetu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴ゑぬ | くゑぬ | kwenu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴ゑたり | くゑたり | kwetari |
Volitional | 蹴ゑむ | くゑむ | kwemu |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴 | け | ke |
Continuative (連用形) | 蹴 | け | ke |
Terminal (終止形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
Attributive (連体形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
Realis (已然形) | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
Imperative (命令形) | 蹴よ | けよ | keyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 蹴ず | けず | kezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 蹴れど | けれど | keredo |
Causal conjunction | 蹴れば | ければ | kereba |
Conditional conjunction | 蹴ば | けば | keba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴き | けき | keki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴けり | けけり | kekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴つ | けつ | ketu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴ぬ | けぬ | kenu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴たり | けたり | ketari |
Volitional | 蹴む | けむ | kemu |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴ら | けら | kera |
Continuative (連用形) | 蹴り | けり | keri |
Terminal (終止形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
Attributive (連体形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
Realis (已然形) | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
Imperative (命令形) | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 蹴らず | けらず | kerazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 蹴れど | けれど | keredo |
Causal conjunction | 蹴れば | ければ | kereba |
Conditional conjunction | 蹴らば | けらば | keraba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴りき | けりき | keriki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴りけり | けりけり | kerikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴りつ | けりつ | keritu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴りぬ | けりぬ | kerinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴れり 蹴りたり |
けれり けりたり |
kereri keritari |
Volitional | 蹴らむ | けらむ | keramu |