Φρεαττώ

• Φρεαττύς (Phreattús), Φρεᾱτώ (Phreātṓ)

*Φρεαττώ • (*Phreattṓ) f (genitive *Φρεαττοῦς, dative Φρεαττοῖ); third declension

1. a court in Peiraeus, where banished men accused of murder were allowed to present themselves for trial, the accused being on board ship, the judges on shore
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates 77–78:

     Ἔτι ἔτι τοίνυν πέμπτον δικαστήριον ἄλλο θεάσασθ’ οἷον ὑπερβέβηκε, τὸ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ. Ἐνταῦθα γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, κελεύει δίκας ὑπέχειν ὁ νόμος, ἐάν τις ἐπ’ ἀκουσίῳ φόνῳ πεφευγώς, μήπω τῶν ἐκβαλλόντων αὐτὸν ᾐδεσμένων, αἰτίαν ἔχῃ ἑτέρου φόνου ἑκουσίου. Καὶ οὐχ, ὅτι δεῦρ’ οὐχ οἷόν τ’ ἐλθεῖν αὐτῷ, παρεῖδεν αὐτὸν ὁ ταῦθ’ ἕκαστα τάξας, οὐδ’, ὅτι καὶ πρότερόν τι τοιοῦτον ἐποίησε, καὶ δὴ τὴν ὁμοίαν ἐποιήσατο πιστὴν αἰτίαν κατ’ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ τό τ’ εὐσεβὲς εὗρεν ὅπως ἔσται, κἀκεῖνον οὐκ ἀπεστέρησε λόγου καὶ κρίσεως. Τί οὖν ἐποίησεν ἤγαγε τοὺς δικάσοντας οἷ προσελθεῖν οἷόν τ’ ἐκείνῳ, τῆς χώρας ἀποδείξας τόπον τιν’ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ καλούμενον ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ.

     Éti éti toínun pémpton dikastḗrion állo theásasth’ hoîon huperbébēke, tò en Phreattoî. Entaûtha gár, ô ándres Athēnaîoi, keleúei díkas hupékhein ho nómos, eán tis ep’ akousíōi phónōi pepheugṓs, mḗpō tôn ekballóntōn autòn ēidesménōn, aitían ékhēi hetérou phónou hekousíou. Kaì oukh, hóti deûr’ oukh hoîón t’ eltheîn autôi, pareîden autòn ho taûth’ hékasta táxas, oud’, hóti kaì próterón ti toioûton epoíēse, kaì dḕ tḕn homoían epoiḗsato pistḕn aitían kat’ autoû, allà tó t’ eusebès heûren hópōs éstai, kakeînon ouk apestérēse lógou kaì kríseōs. Tí oûn epoíēsen ḗgage toùs dikásontas hoî proseltheîn hoîón t’ ekeínōi, tês khṓras apodeíxas tópon tin’ en Phreattoî kaloúmenon epì thaláttēi.

     • 1939 translation by Augustus Taber Murray

       Then there is a fifth tribunal which he has overruled,— and I beg you to take note of its character; I mean the court held in the precinct of Phreatto. In that court, men of Athens, the law orders every man stand his trial who, having gone into exile on a charge of unintentional homicide, and being still unreconciled to the persons who procured his banishment, incurs a further charge of willful murder. The author of the several rules of court did not let such a man alone, on the ground that he was unable to return to Athens, nor did he, because the man had already committed a like offence, treat the similarity of the accusation as proof positive against him; he found a way of satisfying the requirements of religion without depriving the culprit of a fair hearing and a trial. How did he manage it? He conveyed the judges who were to sit to a place to which the accused was able to repair, appointing a place within the country but on the sea-coast, known as the precinct of Phreatto.

   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 1300b.18–35:^source

     πρῶτον οὖν διαιρείσθω πόσα εἴδη δικαστηρίων. ἔστι δὲ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὀκτώ, ἓν μὲν εὐθυντικόν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴ τίς τι τῶν κοινῶν ἀδικεῖ, ἕτερον ὅσα εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν φέρει, τέταρτον καὶ ἄρχουσι καὶ ἰδιώταις ὅσα περὶ ζημιώσεων ἀμφισβητοῦσιν, πέμπτον τὸ περὶ τῶν ἰδίων συναλλαγμάτων καὶ ἐχόντων μέγεθος, καὶ παρὰ ταῦτα τό τε φονικὸν καὶ τὸ ξενικόν (φονικοῦ μὲν οὖν εἴδη, ἄν τ’ ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς δικασταῖς ἄν τ’ ἐν ἄλλοις, περί τε τῶν ἐκ προνοίας καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀκουσίων, καὶ ὅσα ὁμολογεῖται μέν, ἀμφισβητεῖται δὲ περὶ τοῦ δικαίου, τέταρτον δὲ ὅσα τοῖς φεύγουσι φόνου ἐπὶ καθόδῳ ἐπιφέρεται, οἷον Ἀθήνησι λέγεται καὶ τὸ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ δικαστήριον· συμβαίνει δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐν τῷ παντὶ χρόνῳ ὀλίγα καὶ ἐν ταῖς μεγάλαις πόλεσιν· τοῦ δὲ ξενικοῦ ἓν μὲν ξένοις πρὸς ξένους, ἄλλο δὲ ξένοις πρὸς ἀστούς), ἔτι δὲ παρὰ πάντα ταῦτα περὶ τῶν μικρῶν συναλλαγμάτων, ὅσα δραχμιαῖα καὶ πεντάδραχμα καὶ μικρῷ πλείονος. δεῖ μὲν γὰρ καὶ περὶ τούτων γίνεσθαι κρίσιν, οὐκ ἐμπίπτει δὲ εἰς δικαστῶν πλῆθος.

     prôton oûn diaireísthō pósa eídē dikastēríōn. ésti dè tòn arithmòn oktṓ, hèn mèn euthuntikón, állo dè eí tís ti tôn koinôn adikeî, héteron hósa eis tḕn politeían phérei, tétarton kaì árkhousi kaì idiṓtais hósa perì zēmiṓseōn amphisbētoûsin, pémpton tò perì tôn idíōn sunallagmátōn kaì ekhóntōn mégethos, kaì parà taûta tó te phonikòn kaì tò xenikón (phonikoû mèn oûn eídē, án t’ en toîs autoîs dikastaîs án t’ en állois, perí te tôn ek pronoías kaì perì tôn akousíōn, kaì hósa homologeîtai mén, amphisbēteîtai dè perì toû dikaíou, tétarton dè hósa toîs pheúgousi phónou epì kathódōi epiphéretai, hoîon Athḗnēsi légetai kaì tò en Phreattoî dikastḗrion; sumbaínei dè tà toiaûta en tôi pantì khrónōi olíga kaì en taîs megálais pólesin; toû dè xenikoû hèn mèn xénois pròs xénous, állo dè xénois pròs astoús), éti dè parà pánta taûta perì tôn mikrôn sunallagmátōn, hósa drakhmiaîa kaì pentádrakhma kaì mikrôi pleíonos. deî mèn gàr kaì perì toútōn gínesthai krísin, ouk empíptei dè eis dikastôn plêthos.

     • 1944 translation by Harris Rackham

       First then let us distinguish how many kinds of courts there are. They are eight in number, one a court of audit, another to deal with offenders against any public interest, another with matters that bear on the constitution, a fourth for both magistrates and private persons in disputes about penalties, fifth the court dealing with private contracts that are on an important scale, and beside these there is the court that tries homicide, and that which hears alien suits (of courts of homicide there are four kinds, whether the jury is the same or different — namely, for cases of deliberate homicide, of involuntary homicide, of homicide admitted but claimed to be justifiable, and fourth to deal with charges of homicide brought against men that have fled from the country for homicide, upon their return, such as at Athens for instance the Court at Phreatto is said to be, although such cases are of rare occurrence in the whole course of history, even in the great states and of the aliens’ court one branch hears suits of aliens against aliens and another of aliens against citizens); and also beside all of these there are courts to try cases of petty contracts, involving sums of one drachma, five drachmas or a little more — for even these cases have to be tried, though they are not suitable for a numerous jury.

   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians 57.3:

     εἰσὶ δὲ φόνου δίκαι καὶ τραύματος, ἂν μὲν ἐκ προνοίας ἀποκτείνῃ ἢ τρώσῃ, ἐν Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ, καὶ φαρμάκων, ἐὰν ἀποκτείνῃ δούς, καὶ πυρκαϊᾶς: ταῦτα γὰρ ἡ βουλὴ μόνα δικάζει. τῶν δ’ ἀκουσίων καὶ βουλεύσεως, κἂν οἰκέτην ἀποκτείνῃ τις ἢ μέτοικον ἢ ξένον, οἱ ἐπὶ Παλλαδίῳ. ἐὰν δ’ ἀποκτεῖναι μέν τις ὁμολογῇ, φῇ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους, οἷον μοιχὸν λαβών, ἢ ἐν πολέμῳ ἀγνοήσας, ἢ ἐν ἄθλῳ ἀγωνιζόμενος, τούτῳ ἐπὶ Δελφινίῳ δικάζουσιν: ἐὰν δὲ φεύγων φυγὴν ὧν αἴδεσίς ἐστιν, αἰτίαν ἔχῃ ἀποκτεῖναι ἢ τρῶσαί τινα, τούτῳ δ’ ἐν Φρεάτου δικάζουσιν, ὁ δ’ ἀπολογεῖται προσορμισάμενος ἐν πλοίῳ.

     eisì dè phónou díkai kaì traúmatos, àn mèn ek pronoías apokteínēi ḕ trṓsēi, en Areíōi págōi, kaì pharmákōn, eàn apokteínēi doús, kaì purkaïâs: taûta gàr hē boulḕ móna dikázei. tôn d’ akousíōn kaì bouleúseōs, kàn oikétēn apokteínēi tis ḕ métoikon ḕ xénon, hoi epì Palladíōi. eàn d’ apokteînai mén tis homologêi, phêi dè katà toùs nómous, hoîon moikhòn labṓn, ḕ en polémōi agnoḗsas, ḕ en áthlōi agōnizómenos, toútōi epì Delphiníōi dikázousin: eàn dè pheúgōn phugḕn hôn aídesís estin, aitían ékhēi apokteînai ḕ trôsaí tina, toútōi d’ en Phreátou dikázousin, ho d’ apologeîtai prosormisámenos en ploíōi.

     • 1952 translation by Harris Rackham

       Trials for deliberate murder and wounding are held in the Areopagus, and for causing death by poison, and for arson; for these only are tried by the Council, whereas involuntary homicide and plotting to murder, and murder of a slave or resident alien or foreigner, come before the court at the Palladium; and one who admits homicide but declares it to have been legal (for instance when he has killed a man taken in adultery), or who in war has killed a fellow-citizen in ignorance, or in an athletic contest, is tried at the Delphinium; but if, when a man has taken refuge in exile after an offence that admits of satisfaction, he is charged with homicide or wounding, he is tried at the Precinct of Phreatus, and delivers his defence from a ship anchored near the shore.

   • 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 1.28.11:

     ἔστι δὲ τοῦ Πειραιῶς πρὸς θαλάσσῃ Φρεαττύς: ἐνταῦθα οἱ πεφευγότες, ἢν ἀπελθόντας ἕτερον ἐπιλάβῃ σφᾶς ἔγκλημα, πρὸς ἀκροωμένους ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ νεὼς ἀπολογοῦνται: Τεῦκρον πρῶτον λόγος ἔχει Τελαμῶνι οὕτως ἀπολογήσασθαι μηδὲν ἐς τὸν Αἴαντος θάνατον εἰργάσθαι.

     ésti dè toû Peiraiôs pròs thalássēi Phreattús: entaûtha hoi pepheugótes, ḕn apelthóntas héteron epilábēi sphâs énklēma, pròs akroōménous ek tês gês apò neṑs apologoûntai: Teûkron prôton lógos ékhei Telamôni hoútōs apologḗsasthai mēdèn es tòn Aíantos thánaton eirgásthai.

     • 1918 translation by William Henry Samuel Jones and Henry Arderne Ormerod

       Near the sea at the Peiraeus is Phreattys. Here it is that men in exile, when a further charge has been brought against them in their absence, make their defense on a ship while the judges listen on land. The legend is that Teucer first defended himself in this way before Telamon, urging that he was guiltless in the matter of the death of Ajax.

   • ante 177 CE, Pollux, Onomasticon 8.120.14–20:

     Τὸ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ· ἐν τούτῳ ἐκρίνετο εἴ τις τῶν φευγόντων ἐπ’ ἀκουσίου φόνου αἰτίᾳ δευτέραν αἰτίαν ἑκουσίου προσλάβοι. ἦν δὲ ἐν θαλάττῃ τὸ δικαστήριον· καὶ τὸν ἐν αἰτίᾳ προσπλεύσαντα τῆς γῆς οὐ προσαπτόμενον ἀπὸ τῆς νεῶς ἐχρῆν ἀπολογεῖσθαι, μήτε ἀποβάθραν μήτε ἄγκυραν εἰς τὴν γῆν βαλλόμενον.

     Tò en Phreattoî; en toútōi ekríneto eí tis tôn pheugóntōn ep’ akousíou phónou aitíāi deutéran aitían hekousíou prosláboi. ên dè en thaláttēi tò dikastḗrion; kaì tòn en aitíāi prospleúsanta tês gês ou prosaptómenon apò tês neôs ekhrên apologeîsthai, mḗte apobáthran mḗte ánkuran eis tḕn gên ballómenon.

   • C.E. 2nd century, Harpocration, Περὶ τῶν Λέξεων τῶν Δέκα Ῥητόρων 115.7–20:

     Ἐν Φρεαττοῖ: Δημοσθένης ἐν τῷ κατ’ Ἀριστοκράτους περὶ τοῦ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ δικαστηρίου ἀκριβῶς διεξελήλυθε, λέγων οὕτως. “ἔτι τοίνυν πέμπτον δικαστήριον ἄλλο θεάσασθε οἷον ὑπερβέβηκε τὸ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ. ἐνταῦθα γὰρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, κελεύει δίκας ὑπέχειν ὁ νόμος, ἐάν τις ἐπ’ ἀκουσίῳ φόνῳ πεφευγὼς, μήπω τῶν ἐκβαλόντων αὐτὸν ᾐδεσμένων, αἰτίαν ἔχῃ ἑτέρου φόνου ἑκουσίου.” καὶ μετ’ ὀλίγον φησὶν “ἤγαγε τοὺς δικάσοντας οἷ προσελθεῖν οἷόν τε ἐκείνῳ, τῆς χώρας ἀποδείξας τόπον τινὰ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ καλούμενον ἐπὶ θαλάττης· εἶθ’ ὁ μὲν ἐν πλοίῳ προσπλεύσας λέγει, τῆς γῆς οὐχ ἁπτόμενος, οἱ δ’ ἀκροῶνται καὶ δικάζουσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. κἂν μὲν ἁλῷ, τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑκουσίοις φόνοις δίκην ἔδωκε δικαίαν· ἐὰν δὲ ἀποφύγῃ, ταύτης μὲν ἀθῷος ἀφίεται, τὴν δὲ ἐπὶ ἑτέρῳ φόνῳ φυγὴν ὑπέχει.” ὠνομάσθαι δ’ ἔοικε τὸ δικαστήριον ἀπό τινος Φρεάττου ἥρωος, καθά φησι Θεόφραστος ἐν ιϛʹ τῶν Νόμων.

     En Phreattoî: Dēmosthénēs en tôi kat’ Aristokrátous perì toû en Phreattoî dikastēríou akribôs diexelḗluthe, légōn hoútōs. “éti toínun pémpton dikastḗrion állo theásasthe hoîon huperbébēke tò en Phreattoî. entaûtha gàr, ô ándres Athēnaîoi, keleúei díkas hupékhein ho nómos, eán tis ep’ akousíōi phónōi pepheugṑs, mḗpō tôn ekbalóntōn autòn ēidesménōn, aitían ékhēi hetérou phónou hekousíou.” kaì met’ olígon phēsìn “ḗgage toùs dikásontas hoî proseltheîn hoîón te ekeínōi, tês khṓras apodeíxas tópon tinà en Phreattoî kaloúmenon epì thaláttēs; eîth’ ho mèn en ploíōi prospleúsas légei, tês gês oukh haptómenos, hoi d’ akroôntai kaì dikázousin epì tês gês. kàn mèn halôi, tḕn epì toîs hekousíois phónois díkēn édōke dikaían; eàn dè apophúgēi, taútēs mèn athôios aphíetai, tḕn dè epì hetérōi phónōi phugḕn hupékhei.” ōnomásthai d’ éoike tò dikastḗrion apó tinos Phreáttou hḗrōos, kathá phēsi Theóphrastos en istʹ tôn Nómōn.

   • C.E. 2nd century, Harpocration, Περὶ τῶν Λέξεων τῶν Δέκα Ῥητόρων 143.1–3:

     Ἐφέται: Δημοσθένης ἐν τῷ κατ’ Ἀριστοκράτους. οἱ δικάζοντες τὰς ἐφ’ αἵματι κρίσεις ἐπὶ Παλλαδίῳ καὶ ἐπὶ Πρυτανείῳ καὶ ἐπὶ Δελφινίῳ καὶ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ ἐφέται ἐκαλοῦντο.

     Ephétai: Dēmosthénēs en tôi kat’ Aristokrátous. hoi dikázontes tàs eph’ haímati kríseis epì Palladíōi kaì epì Prutaneíōi kaì epì Delphiníōi kaì en Phreattoî [v.ll. phreátois, Phreatoî] ephétai ekaloûnto.

   • 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 1166, (scholion by “scholiasta Leidensis”):

     Οὐ ματαίως ἄρα οἱ ἐν ταῖς Ἀθήναις, φησὶ, δικάζοντες σπεύδουσιν ἐν πολλοῖς γεγράφθαι γράμμασιν ἐν τοῖς δικαϛηρίοις. Περὶ δὲ τῶν γραμμάτων καὶ δικαϛηρίων Ἀθηναίων ἔφημεν ὄπισθεν, πῶς ἐν ἑκάϛῳ ἦν γεγραμμένον ϛοιχεῖον· ἐν μὲν τῷ τοῦ Ἀρεοπάγου δικαϛηρίῳ πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἐπεγέγραπτο αʹ· ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἡλιαίᾳ ηʹ· ἐν δὲ τῷ ἐν Φρεαττοῖ δʹ· καὶ ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς ὡσαύτως· διὰ τοῦτο ἔφη, σπεύδουσιν ἐν πολλοῖς γεγράφθαι γράμμασιν.

     Ou mataíōs ára hoi en taîs Athḗnais, phēsì, dikázontes speúdousin en polloîs gegráphthai grámmasin en toîs dikastēríois. Perì dè tôn grammátōn kaì dikastēríōn Athēnaíōn éphēmen ópisthen, pôs en hekástōi ên gegramménon stoikheîon; en mèn tôi toû Areopágou dikastēríōi prò tôn thurôn epegégrapto aʹ; en dè têi Hēliaíāi ēʹ; en dè tôi en Phreattoî dʹ; kaì en toîs loipoîs hōsaútōs; dià toûto éphē, speúdousin en polloîs gegráphthai grámmasin.

   • Lexica Segueriana 311.17–22, (Lexeis Rhetorikai ):^{, ,}

     Ἐν Ζέᾳ. τόπος ἐστὶ παράλιος. ἐνταῦθα κρίνεται ὁ ἐπ’ ἀκουσίῳ μὲν φόνῳ φεύγων, αἰτίαν δὲ ἔχων ἐπὶ ἑκουσίῳ φόνῳ.
     Ἐν Φρεαττοῖ. οἱ ἐπ’ ἀκουσίῳ φόνῳ φεύγοντες, ἐπ’ ἄλλῳ δέ τινι κρινόμενοι· οἳ ἐπὶ πλοίῳ ἑστῶτες ἀπολογοῦνται.

     En Zéāi. tópos estì parálios. entaûtha krínetai ho ep’ akousíōi mèn phónōi pheúgōn, aitían dè ékhōn epì hekousíōi phónōi.
     En Phreattoî. hoi ep’ akousíōi phónōi pheúgontes, ep’ állōi dé tini krinómenoi; hoì epì ploíōi hestôtes apologoûntai.

   • Suda epsilon.1080: ^{(cf. , )}

     Ἐμφρεάτοι: Δικαστήριον τῶν ἀκουσίων φόνων ἐν Ἀθήναις. Δημοσθένης ἐν τῷ κατ’ Ἀριστογείτονος ἀκριβῶς διέρχεται περὶ αὐτοῦ. Ὠνομάσθαι δὲ τὸ δικαστήριον ἔοικεν ἀπό τινος Φρεάτου ἥρωος, ὡς Θεόφραστος ἐν ιϛʹ νόμων μαρτυρεῖ.

     Emphreátoi: Dikastḗrion tôn akousíōn phónōn en Athḗnais. Dēmosthénēs en tôi kat’ Aristogeítonos akribôs diérkhetai perì autoû. Ōnomásthai dè tò dikastḗrion éoiken apó tinos Phreátou hḗrōos, hōs Theóphrastos en istʹ nómōn martureî.

     • 2016 translation by David Whitehead

       in Phreato: A lawcourt for involuntary homicides in Athens. Demosthenes in the Against Aristogeiton has an accurate discussion of these matters. It seems that the court was named after a certain hero, Phreatos, as Theophrastus testifies in the sixteenth law.

   • Suda epsilon.3878: ^{(cf. , )}

     Ἐφέται: Οἱ δικάζοντες τὰς ἐφ’ αἵματι κρίσεις ἐπὶ Παλλαδίῳ, καὶ ἐπὶ Πρυτανείῳ, καὶ ἐπὶ Δελφινίῳ, καὶ ἐν Φρεατοῖ, Ἐφέται καλοῦνται. Καὶ Ἐφέτης: Ὁ δικαστής.

     Ephétai: Hoi dikázontes tàs eph’ haímati kríseis epì Palladíōi, kaì epì Prutaneíōi, kaì epì Delphiníōi, kaì en Phreatoî, [v.ll. Phréati, Phreáttei] Ephétai kaloûntai. Kaì Ephétēs: Ho dikastḗs.

     • 2003 translation by David Whitehead

       ephetai: Those judging the murder-trials at the Palladion and at the Prytaneion and at the Delphinion and at Phreato are called ephetai. Also ἐφέτης, the juror.

   • Interpretes ad Hesychium , (a.k.a. die Ausleger zu Hesychios )
   • 5th century CE, Hesychius Alexandreus, Συναγωγὴ Πασῶν Λέξεων κατὰ Στοιχεῖον Ε.549.21–22:

     ἐν Φρεαττοῖ· ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ, ἐν ᾧ (ἐ)δικάζοντο ἐπὶ ἀκουσίῳ φόνῳ

     en Phreattoî; en tôi dikastēríōi, en hôi (e)dikázonto epì akousíōi phónōi

   • 5th century CE, Hesychius Alexandreus, Συναγωγὴ Πασῶν Λέξεων κατὰ Στοιχεῖον Ε.636.1–5:

     ἐς Φρεάτου· ἕν τι τῶν ἀρχαίων δικαστηρίων Ἀθήνησιν ἐν Φρεάτου λεγόμενον, ἔνθα ἐκρίνοντο οἱ φυγάδες οἱ δράσαντες ἐν τῇ φυγῇ ἀκούσιον φόνον ἑστῶτες ἐπὶ πλοίου

     es Phreátou; hén ti tôn arkhaíōn dikastēríōn Athḗnēsin en Phreátou legómenon, éntha ekrínonto hoi phugádes hoi drásantes en têi phugêi akoúsion phónon hestôtes epì ploíou

• “φρεαττώ or φρεᾱτώ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “Φρεαττώ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers