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Semi-learned borrowing from Sanskritगुटिका(guṭikā, “kernel, ball”), itself somehow related to गुड(guḍa, “globe, ball”), गुडिका(guḍikā); but note that the more common forms are voiced unlike the Hindi term. For a similar instance of devoicing, compare मटका(maṭkā).
Compare also गोल(gol, “something round”), गट्टा(gaṭṭā, “lump”). These may all be related and borrowed from some substrate language.
Unrelated to गुटकना(guṭaknā, “to gulp down, swallow”) and गुटकाना(guṭkānā, “to play a tabla, drum etc.”), both of which are likely of onomatopoeic origins.
[…]वहां जाकर दो गुटके बनाये. एक गुटका उस ब्राह्मण को देकर कहा, जब इसे मुंह में रक्खेगा, तब तू बारह बरस की कन्या हो जायगा. और जिस वक़्त तू इसे मुंह से निकाल लेगा, तो पुरुष ज्योंका त्यों हो जायगा.
[…]vahā̃ jākar do guṭke banāye. ek guṭkā us brāhmaṇ ko dekar kahā, jab ise mũh mẽ rakkhegā, tab tū bārah baras kī kanyā ho jāygā. aur jis vaqt tū ise mũh se nikāl legā, to puruṣ jyõkā tyõ ho jāygā.
1987, घर में अंतरिक्ष [Space Adventures in Your House], Mir Publishers, translation of Космос у тебя дома [Kosmos u tebja doma] by Florenti Rabiza, →ISBN, page 233:
पतंग से करीब एक मीटर दूर धागे पर एक हल्का गुटका बांध दीजिये, जो रोक का काम करेगा।
pataṅg se karīb ek mīṭar dūr dhāge par ek halkā guṭkā bāndh dījiye, jo rok kā kām karegā.