Appendix:Hindi pronunciation

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Consonants
Devanagari
letter
IPA X-SAMPA Example
words
/k/ /k/ रोका (rokā) roː.kaː (stopped)
/kʰ/ /kh/ खजूर (khajūr) kʰədʒuːr (date, fruit)
/ɡ/ /g/ गाँव (gā̃v) ɡä̃ːʋ (village)
/ɡʰ/ /gh/ घर (ghar) ɡʰər (house)
/tʃ, t͡ʃ, c͡ç/ /tS)/ चाय (cāy) tʃaːj (tea)
/tʃʰ, t͡ʃʰ, c͡çʰ/ /tS)h/ अच्छा (acchā) ətʃ.tʃʰaː (good, well)
/dʒ, d͡ʒ, ɟ͡ʝ/ /dZ/ जाना (jānā) dʒaː.naː (to go)
/dʒʰ, d͡ʒʱ, ɟ͡ʝʱ/ /dZh/ मुझ (mujh) mʊdʒʰ (me)
/ʈ/ /t`/ टापू (ṭāpū) ʈaːpuː (island)
/ʈʰ/ /t`h/ ठीक (ṭhīk) ʈʰiːk (OK)
/ɖ, d̺/ /d`/ डर (ḍar) ɖər (fear)
/ɖʱ/ /d`h/ ढेर (ḍher) ɖʱeːr (heap)
/ɳ, ɽ̃, ɳ̆/ /n`/ अणु (aṇu) aɳuː (atom)
/t, t̪/ /t/ अंत (ant) ənt̪ (end)
/tʰ, t̪ʱ/ /th/ हाथ (hāth) ɦaːtʰ (hand)
/d, d̪/ /d/ दो (do) d̪oː (two)
/dʰ, d̪ʱ/ /dh/ दूध (dūdh) d̪uːd̪ʰ (milk)
/n/ /n/ नमक (namak) nʌ.mʌk (salt)
/p/ /p/ पति (pati) pə.tiː (husband)
/pʰ/ /ph/ फल (phal) pʰəl (fruit)
/b/ /b/ बू () buː (odor)
/bʰ/ /bh/ भागना (bhāgnā) bʰaːɡ.naː (to run)
/m/ /m/ माथा (māthā) maː.t̪ʰaː (forehead)
/j/ /j/ योग (yog) joːɡ (yoga)
/r, ɾ/ /r/ रोक (rok) roːk (stop)
/l/ /l/ लाना (lānā) laː.naː (to bring)
/v, β̞, β, ʋ, w/ /v/ हवा (havā) hə.ʋaː (air)
/ʃ/ /S/ ख़ुश (xuś) xʊʃ (joyous)
/ʂ, s̺/ /s`/ भाषा (bhāṣā) bʰaː.ʂaː (language)
/s/ /s/ सात (sāt) saːt (seven)
/h, ɦ/ /s/ होना (honā) ɦo.naː (to be)
क़ /q/ /q/ क़ीमत (qīmat) qiː.mət (price)
ख़ /x/ /x/ ख़रगोश (xargoś) xər.ɡoːʃ (rabbit)
ग़ /ɣ/ /G/ ग़लत (ġalat) ɣə.lət (wrong)
ज़ /z/ /z/ ज़हर (zahar) zə.ɦər (poison)
झ़ /ʒ/ /Z/ झ़ाला (źālā) ʒaː.laː (hail)
ड़ /ɽ/ /r`/ सड़क (saṛak) sə.ɽək (road)
फ़ /f/ /f/ फ़ैसला (faislā) fɛːs.laː (decision)
ढ़ /ɽʱ/ /r`h/ पढ़ना (paṛhnā) pəɽʱ.naː (to read)
Vowels
Devanagari
letter
Diacritic form IPA X-SAMPA Example
words
/ʌ, ə, ɐ̝/ /V, @/ अणु (aṇu) ə.ɳuː (atom)
/aː, ɑː/ /a:/ आलू (ālū) aːluː potato, बनाना (banānā) bʌ.naː.naː (to make, to cook)
ि /ɪ, i/ /i/ इतिहास (itihās) ɪ.tɪ.ɦaːs (history)
/iː/ /i:/ मिठाई (miṭhāī) mi.ʈʰaː.iː (sweets)
/ʊ, u/ /u/ उर्दू (urdū) ʊrduː (urdu)
/uː/ /u:/ ऊन (ūn) uːn (wool)
(ŕ) /ɻʲ, r̥/ /r\`/ ऋतु (ŕtu) ɻʲː(i).tu (climate, season, month)
/e/ /eː/ एक (ek) eːk (one)
/ɛː, æː, aːi, ɛ͡i/ /{/ ऐनक (ainak) ɛːnək (glasses)
/ɛ/ /E/ ऍक्स किरण (ĕks kiraṇ) ɛks ki.ɾəɳ (X-ray)
/oː/ /oː/ ओकाई (okāī) oː.kaː.iː (nausea)
/ɔː, əʊ/ /O/ औरत (aurat) ɔːɾət̪ (woman)
/ɒ/ /6/ ऑस्ट्रेलिया (ŏsṭreliyā) ɒs.ʈre.lɪ.jaː (Australia)

Notes

  • ङ and ञ have little or no usage in standard Hindi. Their sounds are instead conveyed by the anusvara when before a velar or palatal sound respectively.

See also