रूढ

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Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

Etymology

An Old Indo-Aryan continuation of *ruẓḍʰá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ludʰ-tó-s, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬀 (uruzda, “grown”).

The retraction of the sibilant in *ruẓḍʰá was triggered by the application of the RUKI sound law to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás in the Old Indo-Aryan stage. This was a dialectal form with a development parallel to the expected sound change which would have yielded *ruddʰá. For a similar Indo-Aryan development, see Hindi कुढ़ना (kuṛhnā).

Pronunciation

Adjective

रूढ • (rūḍhá) stem

  1. grown, sprung up, arisen, ascended
    • c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) 6.42.2:
      वनस्पतीनां प्रतिष्ठितो यः समे भूम्यै स्वाद्योने रूढः प्रत्येव तिष्ठति
      vanaspatīnāṃ pratiṣṭhito yaḥ same bhūmyai svādyone rūḍhaḥ pratyeva tiṣṭhati
      Among trees, that tree is well supported which has grown from its own birthplace on level ground and is firm.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of रूढ (rūḍhá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative रूढः
rūḍháḥ 		रूढौ / रूढा¹
rūḍhaú / rūḍhā́¹ 		रूढाः / रूढासः¹
rūḍhā́ḥ / rūḍhā́saḥ¹
Vocative रूढ
rū́ḍha 		रूढौ / रूढा¹
rū́ḍhau / rū́ḍhā¹ 		रूढाः / रूढासः¹
rū́ḍhāḥ / rū́ḍhāsaḥ¹
Accusative रूढम्
rūḍhám 		रूढौ / रूढा¹
rūḍhaú / rūḍhā́¹ 		रूढान्
rūḍhā́n
Instrumental रूढेन
rūḍhéna 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढैः / रूढेभिः¹
rūḍhaíḥ / rūḍhébhiḥ¹
Dative रूढाय
rūḍhā́ya 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढेभ्यः
rūḍhébhyaḥ
Ablative रूढात्
rūḍhā́t 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढेभ्यः
rūḍhébhyaḥ
Genitive रूढस्य
rūḍhásya 		रूढयोः
rūḍháyoḥ 		रूढानाम्
rūḍhā́nām
Locative रूढे
rūḍhé 		रूढयोः
rūḍháyoḥ 		रूढेषु
rūḍhéṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of रूढा (rūḍhā́)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative रूढा
rūḍhā́ 		रूढे
rūḍhé 		रूढाः
rūḍhā́ḥ
Vocative रूढे
rū́ḍhe 		रूढे
rū́ḍhe 		रूढाः
rū́ḍhāḥ
Accusative रूढाम्
rūḍhā́m 		रूढे
rūḍhé 		रूढाः
rūḍhā́ḥ
Instrumental रूढया / रूढा¹
rūḍháyā / rūḍhā́¹ 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढाभिः
rūḍhā́bhiḥ
Dative रूढायै
rūḍhā́yai 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढाभ्यः
rūḍhā́bhyaḥ
Ablative रूढायाः / रूढायै²
rūḍhā́yāḥ / rūḍhā́yai² 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढाभ्यः
rūḍhā́bhyaḥ
Genitive रूढायाः / रूढायै²
rūḍhā́yāḥ / rūḍhā́yai² 		रूढयोः
rūḍháyoḥ 		रूढानाम्
rūḍhā́nām
Locative रूढायाम्
rūḍhā́yām 		रूढयोः
rūḍháyoḥ 		रूढासु
rūḍhā́su
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of रूढ (rūḍhá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative रूढम्
rūḍhám 		रूढे
rūḍhé 		रूढानि / रूढा¹
rūḍhā́ni / rūḍhā́¹
Vocative रूढ
rū́ḍha 		रूढे
rū́ḍhe 		रूढानि / रूढा¹
rū́ḍhāni / rū́ḍhā¹
Accusative रूढम्
rūḍhám 		रूढे
rūḍhé 		रूढानि / रूढा¹
rūḍhā́ni / rūḍhā́¹
Instrumental रूढेन
rūḍhéna 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढैः / रूढेभिः¹
rūḍhaíḥ / rūḍhébhiḥ¹
Dative रूढाय
rūḍhā́ya 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढेभ्यः
rūḍhébhyaḥ
Ablative रूढात्
rūḍhā́t 		रूढाभ्याम्
rūḍhā́bhyām 		रूढेभ्यः
rūḍhébhyaḥ
Genitive रूढस्य
rūḍhásya 		रूढयोः
rūḍháyoḥ 		रूढानाम्
rūḍhā́nām
Locative रूढे
rūḍhé 		रूढयोः
rūḍháyoḥ 		रूढेषु
rūḍhéṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

  • Pali: rūḷha
  • Prakrit: 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (rūḍha)

References

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