Inherited from Khasa Prakrit (compare Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀤𑀺 (bhodi)), from Sanskrit भवति (bhavati, “to happen, to become”). Cognate with Gujarati હોવું (hovũ), Hindi होना (honā), Marathi होणे (hoṇe), Punjabi ਹੋਣਾ (hoṇā).
हुनु • (hunu)
This verb has two sets of forms. The हो (ho) set is used in sentences that equate two things, like त्यो किताब हो (tyo kitāb ho, “That is a book.”) The छ (cha) set is used in sentences that describe something, or locate where something is, like त्यो ठूलो छ (tyo ṭhūlo cha, “That is big.”)
Information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary stem | हु- | |||
Secondary stem | हो- | |||
Conjugation type | 3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular. | |||
Derivatives | ||||
I-stem (Passive) |
भइनु | |||
Non-finite forms | ||||
Infinitives | हुनु हुन | |||
Participles | Affirmative (+) | Negative (–) | ||
Conjunctive | भएर भई भईकन |
|||
1st Perfect | m. sing. | नभएको | ||
f. sing. | भएकी | नभएकी | ||
pl. | नभएका | |||
high-resp. | नहुनुभएको | |||
2nd Perfect | normal | भए | नभए | |
high-resp. | नहुनुभए | |||
Imperfect | normal | हुदा हुदै हुदो |
नहुदा नहुदै नहुदो | |
high-resp. | हुनुहुँदा हुनुहुँदै हुनुहुँदो |
नहुनुहुँदा नहुनुहुँदै नहुनुहुँदो | ||
Infinitival | normal | नहुने | ||
high-resp. | हुनुहुने | नहुनुहुने | ||
Absolutive | भइ |
Information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary stem | छ- | |||
Secondary stem | ∅ | |||
Conjugation type | 3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular. | |||
Derivatives | ||||
I-stem (Passive) |
भइनु | |||
Non-finite forms | ||||
Infinitives | ∅ | |||
Participles | Affirmative (+) | Negative (–) | ||
Conjunctive | भएर भई भईकन |
|||
1st Perfect | m. sing. | नभएको | ||
f. sing. | भएकी | नभएकी | ||
pl. | नभएका | |||
high-resp. |
∅ |
∅ | ||
2nd Perfect | normal | भए | नभए | |
high-resp. |
∅ |
∅ | ||
Imperfect | normal | छदा छदै छदो |
नछदा नछदै नछदो | |
high-resp. | ∅ | ∅ | ||
Infinitival | normal |
∅ |
∅ | |
high-resp. | ∅ | ∅ | ||
Absolutive | भइ |
Finite forms of | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 2nd & 3rd | |||||||||||
Pronoun | म SING. |
हामी PL. |
तँ LOW-RESP. SING. |
तिमी MID-RESP. |
ऊ LOW-RESP. SING. |
उनी MID-RESP. |
तपाईं/उहाँ HIGH-RESP. | ||||||||
m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||||
Present | + | छु | छौँ | छस् | छेस् | छौ | छ्यौ | छ | छे | छन् | छिन् | हुनुहुन्छ | |||
– | छँदिनँ | छँदैनौँ | छँदैनस | छँदिनेस् | छँदैनौ | छँदिनौ | छँदैन | छँदिने | छँदैनन् | छँदिनन् | छनुहुँदैन | ||||
छैनँ | छैनौँ | छैनस | छैनेस् | छैनौ | छैनौ | छैन | छैने | छैनन् | छैनन् | हुनुहुन्न | |||||
Past | Simple | + | थिएँ | थियौँ | थिइस् | थियौ | थियो | थिई | थिए | थिइन् | छनुभयो | ||||
– | थिइनँ | थिएनौँ | थिएनस् | थिइनेस | थिएनौ | थिएन | थिइने | थिएनन् | थिइनन् | छनुभएन | |||||
Habitual | + | थेँ | थ्यौँ | थिस् | थ्यौ | थ्यो | थी | थे | थिन् | छनुथो | |||||
– | छैनथेँ | छैनथ्यौँ | छैनथिस् | छैनथिस् | छैनथ्यौ | छैनथ्यौ | छैनथ्यो | छैनथी | छैनथे | छैनथिन् | छनुहुनथ्यो | ||||
थिइनँ | थिएनौँ | थिएनस् | थिइनेस | थिएनौ | थिएन | थिइने | थिएनन् | थिइनन् | छनुभएन | ||||||
Unknown | + | थिएछु | थिइछु | थिएछौँ | थिएछस् | थिइछेस् | थिएछौ | थिएछ | थिइछे | थिए | थिइछिन् | छनुभएछ | |||
– | थिएनछु | थिइनछु | थिएनछौँ | थिएनछस् | थिइनछेस् | थिएनछौ | थिएनछ | थिइनछे | थिएन | थिइनछिन् | छनुभएनछ |