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From Old Japanese. Originally named Kamitsufusa (上捄(かみつふさ, Kamitsufusa)), after the ancient province of Fusa (捄国(ふさのくに, Fusa no kuni)), which was split into two provinces around the 6th and 7th centuries AD. The name was later corrupted to Kazusa (かづさ in historical kana, かずさ in modern kana).
The kanji spelling 上総 is first attested in AD 704.