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Induced creaky tone (ICT) in Burmese is the alteration of a low tone (sometimes a high tone) to the creaky tone in certain morphosyntactic environments.
It can be found on:
- a term of address or appellative particle at the end of a sentence, e.g. ထိုင်ပါ ဆရာ့ (htuingpa hca.ra., “Please sit down, teacher”), ရှိတယ်ဗျာ့ (hri.taibya., “There it is, my man”).
- the first member of an emphatic reduplicated form, e.g. အင်မတန့် အင်မတန် (angma.tan. angma.tan, “very, very”)
- the first member of a numeral compound, e.g. သုံးဆဲ့ငါး (sum:hcai.nga:, “thirty-five”) (ICT of သုံးဆဲ (sum:hcai:, “thirty”))
- the sentence particle of a clause that is relativized, e.g. လာတဲ့လူ (latai.lu, “the man who came”) (ICT of the realis particle တယ် (tai))
- a noun with a personal referent or pronoun in a possessive construction (where it corresponds to English ’s or Japanese の), e.g. သူ့ အမျိုးသမီး (su. a.myui:sa.mi:, “his wife”) (ICT of သူ (su, “he”))
- a noun with a personal referent or pronoun before certain postpositions, e.g. အဖေ့မှာ ကား မရှိဘူး (a.hpe.hma ka: ma.hri.bhu:, “Father does not have a car”) (ICT of အဖေ (a.hpe, “father”) before မှာ (hma, “at”)); သူ့ကို မေးလိုက်ပါ (su.kui me:luikpa, “Ask him!”) (ICT of သူ (su, “he”) before ကို (kui)).
The object marker ကို (kui) may be omitted, but ICT remains to indicate the object, e.g. သူ့ မေးလိုက်ပါ (su. me:luikpa, “Ask him!”).
Induced creaky tone is generally spelled by adding the creaky tone diacritic ◌့ to the normal spelling of the word, even in cases where creaky tone is normally spelled with a different vowel diacritic. For example, /lṵ/ is normally spelled လု (lu.), but the ICT of လူ (lu) is spelled လူ့ (lu.). However, when creaky tone replaces a high tone that is spelled with း, then ့ simply replaces း, e.g. ခင်ဗျား (hkangbya:) becomes ခင်ဗျာ့ (hkangbya.) under ICT. The ICT of ◌ယ် /ɛ̀/ is spelled with ဲ့.
Induced creaky tone forms can be indicated with the template {{my-ICT of}} and are collected in Category:Burmese induced creaky tone forms.
References
- Okell, John (1969). A Reference Grammar of Colloquial Burmese, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pp. 18–21.
- Wheatley, Julian K. (1987). “Burmese”, in The World’s Major Languages, ed. Bernard Comrie, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pp. 848–49.