Appendix:Tuvan pronunciation

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) should represent Tuvan pronunciations.

Vowels

IPA Phoneme Example
/a/ акша 'money'
/aː/ аарыг 'ill'
/ɛ/ эртен 'morning'
/ɛː/ бээр 'give'
/ɪ/ ижер 'to drink'
/ɪː/ диис 'cat'
/ɔ/ болур 'to be'
/ɔː/ ооң 'his'
/ʊ/ куш 'bird'
/ʊː/ номчуур 'to read'
/ø/ бөгүн 'today'
/øː/ көөр 'to see'
/ʏ/ күш 'strength'
/ʏː/ үстүү 'upper'
/ɯ/ адым 'my name'
/ɯː/ чалбарыыр 'to pray'

Consonants

IPA Phoneme Example
/b/ бөмбүк 'ball'
/β/ Тыва 'Tuva'
/d/ өөредир 'to teach'
/d͡ʒ/ кончуг 'very'
/ɡ/ мөңгүн 'silver'
/ɢ/ чаңгыс 'alone'
/ɣ/ өг 'yurt'
/j/ аймак 'tribe'
/ʒ/ ажыл 'job'
/k/ кирер 'to enter'
/l/ алыр 'to take'
/m/ мал 'cattle'
/n/ сен 'you'
/ŋ/ мээң 'my'
/p/ апаар 'to become'
/pʰ/ пага 'frog'
/q/ карак 'eye'
/r/ бар 'there is'
/ʁ/ агаар 'air'
/s/ суг 'water'
/ʃ/ болгаш 'and'
/t/ даарта 'tomorrow'
/t͡ʃ/ чараш 'beautiful'
/tʰ/ тараа 'wheat'
/w/ хову 'steppe'
/x/ хем 'river'
/χ/ хоорай 'city'
/z/ изиг 'warm'

Accents

IPA Accent Example Explanation
/ă/, /à/ ъ аът 'horse' Indicates low-to-high variation of pitch on a vowel.

Stress

  • Stress usually falls on the last syllable of a word, with some exceptions:
  • When the word has an allative suffix (-че, -же), it will always fall on the syllable before it (e.g. Тываже )
  • When the word has a negative suffix (-па, -ба, etc.), stress will always fall on the suffix (e.g. кылбадым )

Notes

  1. ^ Central.
  2. ^ Allophone of when not preceded by a nasal consonant.
  3. ^ Allophone of after nasal and lateral consonants.
  4. ^ Retracted to in back-vocalic contexts.
  5. ^ Retracted to in back-vocalic contexts.
  6. ^ г is pronounced as a fricative between vowels and at the end of syllables (e.g. агаар , суг , өгбе ).
  7. ^ Retracted to in back-vocalic contexts.
  8. 8.0 8.1 In most cases, п and т are aspirated when at the beginning of words (e.g. пага , Тыва ).
  9. ^ At the beginning of words, б and д are pronounced almost voicelessly (e.g. бурган , довурак ).
  10. ^ Allophone of in rounded vowel contexts when it is not preceded by a nasal consonant.
  11. ^ Retracted to in back-vocalic contexts.

References