Appendix:West Frisian pronunciation

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West Frisian pronunciation is indicated somewhat variably in different sources. Wiktionary's phonemic pronunciations (between / /) should follow the rules detailed here, which are in turn based on the Wikipedia article.

Diphthongs

Falling and centering diphthongs are transcribed with an inverted breve ◌̯ below the second vowel, to distinguish them from two-vowel sequences where each vowel is a separate syllable. The falling diphthongs end in a fully close vowel.

  • au, ou → /ɔu̯/.
  • ei → /ai̯/. Also /ɛi̯/ or /ɔi̯/ in some regions.
  • ij → /ɛi̯/.
  • oi → /oi̯/.
  • ui → /œy̯/. Some sources use /øi̯/ or some variant here, but the phoneme is in practice identical with the Dutch /œy̯/, so it is transcribed the same.
  • ea → /ɪə̯/
  • eau, eo, eu → /øə̯/
  • ie → /iə̯/
  • oa → /oə̯/
  • oe → /uə̯/
  • ue → /yə̯/

Rising diphthongs and triphthongs begin with a consonant.

  • ea, je → /jɛ/.
  • ie, ji → /jɪ/.
  • jau, jou → /jɔu̯/.
  • oa → /wa/.
  • uo → /wo/.
  • uoi → /woi̯/.

Diphthongs with a long vowel end with a consonant. This consonant is shifted to the next syllable when a vowel follows. Not all sources transcribe all of these with long vowels.

  • aai → /aːj/, aaie → /aː.jə/.
  • oai → /oːj/, oaie → /oː.jə/. With breaking, oai → /waːj/, oaie → /waː.jə/.
  • iuw, eau → /joːw/, iuwe, eauwe → /joː.wə/. This is also transcribed with a short diphthong /jou̯/ in some sources, but there is no /ou̯/ diphthong in West Frisian outside of these cases.
  • iuw → /iːw/, iuwe → /iː.wə/.
  • oei → /uːj/, oeie → /uː.jə/.

Consonants

Transcribe w in the onset as /v/. It can be sometimes realised as or in this environment, depending on the speaker, but this is automatic.

Use both /ɣ/ and /ɡ/ where appropriate. While these are usually analysed as allophones based on stress and word position, this does not apply in words like needgefal (with unstressed non-initial ) and hartoginne (with stressed ).

Do not write syllabic consonants, always precede them with /ə/. This applies in particular to the ending -en, but also other cases.

Do not use nasal vowels, but write /n/.

Dialects

Use English names for the dialects, with the {{a}} template, i.e. {{a|Clay}} for Klaaifrysk, {{a|Wood}} for Wâldfrysk. Do not include the word "Frisian" in dialects as it's obvious from the language section name that we're talking about West Frisian.

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