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For the Chinese, however, Yü-tʻien has always been the recognized name for the country and its capital, and the Ho-t‘ien or Khoten of the present dynasty has replaced it only in official or government writings. This Ho-tien is perhaps the Tartar Huoh-tan and means simply the city.
Again, Yü-tʻien or Ho-tʻien (Khotan), as it is now called, has been from time immemorial devoted to Mahometanism, as is amply borne out by Illustrated Notices of Western Countries, printed by Imperial authority.
Yü-t’ien is a state located in an area known as Ho-t’ien since the eighteenth century (not to be confused with the Yü-t’ien District set up in late nineteenth century some 150 kilometers to the east). Ho-t’ien is situated in southwestern Sinkiang just below the northern foothills of the Karakorem Range and near the upper reaches of a water course, the Ho-t’ien or South Ts’ung-ling River. To the west is the Kashgar or North Ts’ung-ling River. The two join the Yerkand River and form the Tarim River system in south-central Sinkiang. These rivers have their headwaters in the Ts’ung-ling range, which is the general term for the eastern part of the Pamir Heights. The White-Jade River and the Green-Jade River, as mentioned in the present book, are probably the Ho-t’ien and the Kashgar.
Yü-t’ien, known as Ho-t’ien in Sinkiang Province 于闐（和闐）
Yü-t’ien 于闐, GSR 97a and 375r: giwo/jiu-d'ien/d'ien, later called Ho-t’ien和闐, GSR 8e and 375r: g'wa/yua-d'ien/d'ien, since long identified with Khotan. It is to be noted that late in the 19th century a subprefecture with the identical name Yü-t’ien was established in Keriya; this figures i.a. on map A12, square D4 of the Atlas (1962).
1995 , “The biography of Khwush Kipäk Beg (d. 1781) in the Wai-fan Meng-ku Hui-pu wang kung piao chuan”, in Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia, sourced from Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 36, Budapest, published 2016, →DOI, →ISBNInvalid ISBN, →OCLC, page 170:
By the time Fu-te 富德, the junior general warden of the marches (ting-pien yu-fu chiang-chün定邊右副將軍), was encamped at Khotan (Ho-t'ien和闐);¹⁰ so Chao-hui proposed that the army should advance along separate routes: one would invade Kashgar from Aksu, and the other would invade Yarkand from Khotan.
The Ho-t'ien Special District in the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, lying north of the K'un-lun Mountain and south of the T'a-k'o-la-ma-kan Desert, suffered regularly before the liberation from the menace of drought and sand storm.
和闐 and/or 和田
Map including HO-TIEN (HO-T'IEN) (KHOTAN) (ATC, 1971)
1961 February, “Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question”, in Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru (2nd), published 2016, →ISBN, →OCLC, page SW 103:
The Chinese side dismissed as of no account the Hsi yu t’u chih, a map from which the Indian side had brought forward as evidence. This disclosed a striking inconsistency, for the Chinese side themselves had elsewhere described the same work as “authoritative and comprehensive”, and “covering all important material”; and they had cited a passage from the 1782 edition of the work which vaguely referred to the sources of rivers being in Ho-t’ien, The Indian side pointed out that no specific conclusions about the boundary alignment could be drawn from this general statement. On the other hand, the 1762 edition of this work clearly stated that the “Ho-t’ien river rises from the Nan Shan” mountains, which were the same as the Kuen Lun mountains. Another map in the same work categorically affirmed that Sinkiang did not extend any further south than the Sanjutagh, which was nearly 60 miles north of the Kuen Lun mountains.
The ancient royal city was probably abandoned during the 11th century, following the destruction of the temples and palaces during the Moslem invasions that had been described by Hsüan-tsang in the 7th century. The site about five miles northwest of the new Chinese city of Khotan (Ho-t‘ien), where numerous archaeological vestiges have been found, was probably the ancient royal city.
1968, S. Howard Hansford, “The Material and Its Sources”, in Chinese Carved Jades, Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society Ltd., →LCCN, →OCLC, page 27:
Occurrences of nephrite are more numerous. China’s most important source throughout its history has been the region of Khotan (Ho-t‘ien) and Yarkand in Central Asia. In more recent times the Chinese have also imported nephrite from the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia.
Kashgar (K'o-shih), about 110 miles from the border, with a population of over 100,000, is the largest city in West Sinkiang as well as a road center. One road leading south continues into Tibet by way of the Aksai Chin area which has been disputed with India. Like Yarkand, Aksu (A-k'o-su or Wen-su), and Khotan (Ho-T'ien), Kashgar is situated in an oasis--the largest in Sinkiang.]
All “jade” worked in China before the eighteenth century A.D. was nephrite, a silicate of calcium and magnesium with a hardness of 6½ and a refractive index of 1.6. Nephrite, the “plummage of the kingfisher” was found in the Ho T’ien region of Khotan and in Central Asia. There are early paintings of women fording the streams, searching for the precious jade pebbles.]
His last journey, begun in 1883, took him to the sources of the Hwang-ho, then to Lo-pu Po and finally to Ho-t'ien (Khotan), on the ancient Silk Road. He died at Karakol (near Lake Issyk-Kul), now named Przheval'sk after him.
Ho-t’ien (hôʹtyěnʹ) or Kho·tan (kōʹtänʹ), town and oasis (1958 est. pop. 50,000), SW Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region, China, near the headstream of the Ho-t’ien River. It is the center of an area growing silk and cotton. Textiles, carpets, and felt goods are manufactured. On the southern part of the Silk Road, Ho-t’ien was an early center for the spread of Buddhism from India into China. It fell to the Arabs in the 8th cent., and soon grew wealthy on the proceeds of the caravan trade. Its prosperity ended with the conquest of Ho-t’ien by Genghis Khan.
1979 July, “Pinyin to Wade-Giles Names List”, in Gazetteer of the People's Republic of China: Pinyin to Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles to Pinyin, Defense Mapping Agency, →OCLC, page 136:
Casca hoarded his water even though his map showed water only a few days from Ho-T’ien. He felt relief when he reached the banks of the Khotan. All saloons and taverns have a sameness to them, though the talk may be in different tongues and unfamiliar drinks. Men sat to talk business or politics —Huns, Mongols and Hsuing-nu—all had an unspoken agreement that no blades would be drawn in the city of Ho-T’ien and all arguments would be settled outside the boundaries of the town.]
Two Middle Iranian Saka languages are known, both written in the Indian Brahmi script. An extensive Buddhist literature and many secular documents dating from the seventh to the tenth century AD survive in Khotanese, the language of the kingdom of Khotan, modern Ho-t'ien in the Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region of China.
1987, Arthur C. Hasiotis, Jr., “The Sheng Shih-ts'ai Regime and its Relations with the Soviet Union: 1933 to 1942”, in Soviet Political, Economic, and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949, Garland Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 102–103:
In September of 1937, two regiments of Soviet Kirghiz troops and one regiment of Russian troops equipped with forty airplanes and twenty tanks entered Sinkiang from Atushe and attacked Pa-ch'u, dividing Ma Hu-shan's 36th Corps into two sections. In October one Kirghiz regiment entered P'i-shan, and Ma Hu-shan fled to India. Kirghiz and Russian forces were now in occupation of Hami and poised to strike at Ho-t'ien in the extreme south of Sinkiang.
1988 October, R. J. Hébert, “A Devotional Medal from Khotan”, in Numismatics International Bulletin, volume 22, number 10, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 236:
Khotan (Chinese Ho-t'ien) is a town and oasis on the Ho-t'ien river in southwestern Sinkiang Uighur, western China, about 160 miles southeast of So'ch'e.
1995, Peter Rand, “Alive in Our Hearts”, in China Hands: The Adventures and Ordeals of the American Journalists Who Joined Forces with the Great Chinese Revolution, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 289-290:
In the meantime, as soon as she could, she headed for Kashgar. Kashgar is situated on the western edge of the southern sector of Sin-Kiang, which is known as the Tarim Basin. To get there, Barbara traveled overland across the Taklamakan desert, then south along its lower rim to the oasis of Ho-t’ien, and then back to Tihwa by truck, horses, mules and camels across long desert stretches in the heat of early summer.
1995, Maurizio Cohen, “Turkestan”, in The World of Carpets, 1996 edition, Crescent Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 162:
The oasis of Khotan (Ho-t’ien), one of the obligatory stops along the Silk Road and a famous Buddhist center, has always been an important site of trade and commerce. It is thus not surprising that important workshops have existed here since ancient times, and these expanded during the past century to engage in the production of carpets for export.
Thus he set down in 414 as the Record of Buddhist Countries (more widely known today as Travels of Faxien). This work was not just a report of the geographic features of the lands seen during his journey but also a carefully observed account of the history and customs of the peoples he passed through in Central Asia and India, especially of the role of Buddhism in their lives. Thus he says of Yu-teen (Khotan, modern Hotien , in far western China): Yu-teen is a pleasant and prosperous kindgom, with numerous and flourishing population.
2007, William Rosen, “This Country of Silk ”, in Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, →ISBN, →OCLC, page :
The oasis known as Ho-t'ien, Hotan, or Khotan, is one of the few islands of permanent habitation in the far western Takla Makan desert that traditionally separates China from Central Asia.
The next day Hajji was in the teahouse and had brought along some guides as promised. Over weak chai, we reiterated our plan to ride through the desert to Khotan (often written Hotan or Ho-t’ien), avoiding the main road and Chinese.
River
1961 February, “Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question”, in Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru (2nd), published 2016, →ISBN, →OCLC, page SW 103:
The Chinese side dismissed as of no account the Hsi yu t’u chih, a map from which the Indian side had brought forward as evidence. This disclosed a striking inconsistency, for the Chinese side themselves had elsewhere described the same work as “authoritative and comprehensive”, and “covering all important material”; and they had cited a passage from the 1782 edition of the work which vaguely referred to the sources of rivers being in Ho-t’ien, The Indian side pointed out that no specific conclusions about the boundary alignment could be drawn from this general statement. On the other hand, the 1762 edition of this work clearly stated that the “Ho-t’ien river rises from the Nan Shan” mountains, which were the same as the Kuen Lun mountains. Another map in the same work categorically affirmed that Sinkiang did not extend any further south than the Sanjutagh, which was nearly 60 miles north of the Kuen Lun mountains.
Yü-t’ien is a state located in an area known as Ho-t’ien since the eighteenth century (not to be confused with the Yü-t’ien District set up in late nineteenth century some 150 kilometers to the east). Ho-t’ien is situated in southwestern Sinkiang just below the northern foothills of the Karakorem Range and near the upper reaches of a water course, the Ho-t’ien or South Ts’ung-ling River. To the west is the Kashgar or North Ts’ung-ling River. The two join the Yerkand River and form the Tarim River system in south-central Sinkiang. These rivers have their headwaters in the Ts’ung-ling range, which is the general term for the eastern part of the Pamir Heights. The White-Jade River and the Green-Jade River, as mentioned in the present book, are probably the Ho-t’ien and the Kashgar.
Yü-t’ien, known as Ho-t’ien in Sinkiang Province 于闐（和闐）
Ho-t’ien (hôʹtyěnʹ) or Kho·tan (kōʹtänʹ), town and oasis (1958 est. pop. 50,000), SW Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region, China, near the headstream of the Ho-t’ien River.
1988 October, R. J. Hébert, “A Devotional Medal from Khotan”, in Numismatics International Bulletin, volume 22, number 10, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 236:
Khotan (Chinese Ho-t'ien) is a town and oasis on the Ho-t'ien river in southwestern Sinkiang Uighur, western China, about 160 miles southeast of So'ch'e.
2002, Necati Polat, “Transboundary Waters”, in Boundary Issues in Central Asia, Transnational Publishers, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 131:
The Tarim basin receives its name from the river Tarim in Xinjiang, northwest China. Its headwaters, the Yarkand and Khotan (Ho-t’ien) rivers, are formed by snow and glacial streams in the Karakurum and Kunlun mountain ranges in the area in south-west Xinjiang bordering Kashmir.
Other
1979 July, “Pinyin to Wade-Giles Names List”, in Gazetteer of the People's Republic of China: Pinyin to Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles to Pinyin, Defense Mapping Agency, →OCLC, page 131:
Pinyin / Wade-Giles / Designation / Coordinates / First-order Administrative Division Hetian / Ho-t'ien / PPL / 23 25 N 113 26 E / CH17 Hetian / Ho-t'ien / PPL / 25 42 N 116 24 E / CH07
