Reconstruction:Proto-Cariban/tôpu

This Proto-Cariban entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*tôpu

1. stone

• Guianan:
  • Apalaí: topu
  • Kari'na: topu
  • Proto-Taranoan: *təpu
    • Akurio: tëpu
    • Carijona: tëhu
    • Trió: tëpu
  • Wayana: tëpu
• Kuikuroan:
  • Kuikúro: tehu
• Parukotoan:
  • Hixkaryana: tohu
  • Kaxuyana: tohu
  • Waiwai: toopu
• Pekodian:
  • Bakairí: tâu (“big waterfall”)
• Venezuelan Cariban:
  • Mapoyan:
    • Mapoyo: tëpu
    • Yabarana: tëppu
  • Panare: to', të'
  • Pemongan:
    • Akawaio: töpu, tök, tö', tï'
    • Macushi: tî'
    • Pemon: töpu, tök
  • Yao (South America): tapou
• Waimiri-Atroari: topy
• Ye'kwana: töju, tö'ju
• Yukpan:
  • Yukpa: top

• Gildea, Spike (2012) “Linguistic studies in the Cariban family” in Campbell, L. & Grondona, V. (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, pages 441-494, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, page 449
• Meira, Sérgio, Bruna Franchetto (2005) “The southern Cariban languages and the Cariban family”, in International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 71, pages 127–192
• Florian Matter, editor (2021), “*təpu”, in Comparative Cariban Database‎, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, retrieved 2022-04-11
• Meira, Sérgio (1998) A Reconstruction of Proto-Taranoan: Phonology and Inflectional Morphology‎, Houston: Rice University, page 185
• Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎, Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 390
• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “töju”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon