Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/lehmä
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From Proto-Finno-Permic *lešmä, possibly borrowed from a substrate language[1][2] (the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate). Has also been hypothetized to be associated with the phonetically quite similar *lëhmus (“lime; soft wood”), through a sense development "soft" > "tame" > "domestic animal". Alternately, Katz (2003) speculates on borrowing from pre-Indo-Iranian *lekšma- (“marked”) (compare Sanskrit लक्ष्मी (lakṣmī), लक्ष्मन् (lakṣman)), through the meaning "animal marked as owned".
Noun
*lehmä[3]
Inflection
Inflection of *lehmä
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *lehmä | *lehmät | |
| accusative | *lehmän | *lehmät | |
| genitive | *lehmän | *lehmäden *lehmeiden | |
| partitive | *lehmädä | *lehmeidä | |
| inessive | *lehmässä *lehmähnä |
*lehmeissä *lehmeihnä | |
| elative | *lehmästä | *lehmeistä | |
| illative | *lehmähen | *lehmeihen | |
| adessive | *lehmällä | *lehmeillä | |
| ablative | *lehmältä | *lehmeiltä | |
| allative | *lehmälen *lehmälek |
*lehmeilen *lehmeilek | |
| essive | *lehmänä | *lehmeinä | |
| translative | *lehmäksi | *lehmeiksi | |
| instructive | *lehmän | *lehmein | |
| comitative | *lehmänek | *lehmeinek | |
| abessive | *lehmättä | *lehmeittä | |
Coordinate terms
Descendants
- Estonian: lehm
- Finnish: lehmä
- Ingrian: lehmä
- Karelian:
- Livonian:
- Courland Livonian: nī’em, nī’emõ
- Vidzeme Livonian: niem, niema
- Livvi: lehmy
- Ludian: lehm
- Veps: lehm
- Võro: lehm
- Votic: lehme
- → Kemi Sami: (lehme)
- → Skolt Sami: leäʹhm
- → Akkala Sami: (lehm)
- → Kildin Sami: лӣхемь (līxjem’)
- → Ter Sami: limme
- → Russian: лейма (lejma)
References
- ^ М.А. Живлов. Неиндоевропейский субстрат в финно-волжских языках. X Чтения памяти С.А. Старостина ~ 27 марта 2015
- ^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “lehmä”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja (in Finnish), retrieved 2024-01-02
- ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–) “*lehmä”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto (in Finnish)
- “lehm”, in Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
- Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
- Katz, Hartmut (2003) Studien zu den älteren indoiranischen Lehnwörtern in den uralischen Sprachen (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3. Reihe) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter