Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/tunkëdak
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Related to Proto-Samic *coŋkëtēk. According to Koivulehto, the term represents a borrowing from an older form of Proto-Germanic *þwinganą (whence German zwingen, Swedish tvinga).[1] LÄGLOS however disputes this;[2] Saarikivi instead suggests a possible connection with Komi-Zyrian чыгӧм (ćygöm) and Hungarian dug, suggesting inheritance from Proto-Finno-Ugric *tuŋke- or *čuŋke- (uncertain which is the original, or whether they are two separate words).[3]
Verb
- to cram
Inflection
Inflection of *tunkëdak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *tungën | *tungin | — | *tunkëgon |
| 2nd sing. | *tungët | *tungit | *tungëk | *tunkëgos |
| 3rd sing. | *tunkëbi *tunki |
*tunki | *tunkëgasën | *tunkëgosën |
| 1st plur. | *tungëkmëk *tungëkmak |
*tunkimëk *tunkimak |
*tunkëgatëmëk *tunkëgatamak |
*tunkëgotëmëk *tunkëgotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *tungëktëk *tungëktak |
*tunkidëk *tunkidak |
*tunkëgatë *tunkëgata |
*tunkëgot'ëk *tunkëgotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *tunkëbat *tunki |
*tunki | *tunkëgasën | *tunkëgosën |
| passive | *tungëksën *tungët'aksën |
*tunkëdisën *tungëttisën |
*tunkëdakahën *tungëttakahën |
*tunkëdakohën *tungëttakohën |
| connegative | *tungëk | — | *tunkëgak | *tunkëgok |
| passive connegative | *tungëktak | — | *tunkëdagak *tungëttagak |
*tunkëdagok *tungëttagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *tungëkcin | *tunkicin | *tunkënën | |
| 2nd sing. | *tungëkcit | *tunkicit | *tunkënët | |
| 3rd sing. | *tungëkci | *tunkici | *tunkëni | |
| 1st plur. | *tungëkcimëk *tungëkcimak |
*tunkicimëk *tunkicimak |
*tunkënëmëk *tunkënëmak | |
| 2nd plur. | *tungëkcidëk *tungëkcidak |
*tunkicidëk *tunkicidak |
*tunkënëdëk *tunkënëdak | |
| 3rd plur. | *tungëkci | *tunkici | *tunkëni | |
| passive | *tunkëdakcihën *tungët'akcihën |
*tunkëdicihën *tungëtticihën |
*tunkëdanëhën *tungëttanëhën | |
| connegative | *tungëkcik | *tunkicik | *tunkënëk | |
| passive connegative | *tunkëdakcik *tungët'akcik |
*tunkëdicik *tungëtticik |
*tunkëdanëk *tungëttanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *tunkëdak | present | *tunkëba | *tunkëdapa *tungëttapa |
| infinitive 2 | *tunkëdë- | past | *tunkënut | *tunkëdu *tungëttu |
| gerund/supine | *tunkëma | |||
| action noun | *tunkëminen | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: tungima/tungida (from *tunkidak)
- → Votic: (Jõgõperä) tunkia
- Finnish: tunkea
- Karelian: tunkie
- Ludian: tungeda
- Veps: tunkta
- Votic: (Mati) tungõtõ (from *tungët'ak)
References
- ^ Koivulehto, Jorma (2009) “Etymologisesti hämäriä -(is)tA-johdosverbejä, lainoja ja omapohjaisia”, in Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja (in Finnish), volume 92 (PDF), Finno-Ugrian Society, , pages 72–109
- ^ Kylstra, A.D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Otto. 1991–2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- ^ Saarikivi, Janne (2007) “Uusia vanhoja sanoja”, in Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia (in Finnish), volume 253 (PDF), Finno-Ugrian Society, →ISSN, pages 325–347
- ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–) “*tunkë-”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto (in Finnish)