Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aþalą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-olo- (“family, race”),^[1] from *h₂et- (“beyond, over”) +‎ *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”).^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑ.θɑ.lɑ̃/

Noun

*aþalą n^[3]^[1]

nature, disposition
nobility, race

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *aþalą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*aþalą	*aþalō
vocative	*aþalą	*aþalō
accusative	*aþalą	*aþalō
genitive	aþalas, aþalis	*aþalǫ̂
dative	*aþalai	*aþalamaz
instrumental	*aþalō	*aþalamiz

Related terms

*ōþalą

Derived terms

Descendants

Most of these descendants are now masculine for unknown reasons. However, Old High German and Old Norse show that it was once neuter.

Proto-West Germanic: *aþal
- Old English: æþele
- Old Frisian: *athel, *ethel
  - Saterland Frisian: Oadel
  - West Frisian: adel
- Old Saxon: *athal
  - Middle Low German: adel, adele, addel
    - Low German: Adel
    - Westphalian:
      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: iadel
    - → Norwegian: adel^[4]
    - → Swedish: adel^[4]
      - → Finnish: aateli^[4]
- Old Dutch: *athal
  - Middle Dutch: adel
    - Dutch: adel
      - Afrikaans: adel
      - → Estonian: aadel^[5]
      - → Javanese: adhel
      - → Papiamentu: adel
- Old High German: adal
  - Middle High German: adel
    - German: Adel
      - → Estonian: aadel
    - Yiddish: אַדל (adl)
Old Norse: aðal
- Icelandic: aðal
- Faroese: aðal

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*aþala-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40
^ O. Szemerényi (1952) “The Etymology of German Adel.”, in Word, volume 8, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 42—50
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Adel”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎ (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎ (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*aþala-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40

[2] O. Szemerényi (1952) “The Etymology of German Adel.”, in Word, volume 8, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 42—50

[EWddS-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Adel”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

[van_der_Sijs-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎ (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172

[5] van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎ (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172

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