Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkalaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).
Pronunciation
Adjective
*dunkalaz
Inflection
Declension of *dunkalaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *dunkalaz | *dunkalai | *dunkalō | *dunkalôz | *dunkalą, -atō | *dunkalō |
| Accusative | *dunkalanǭ | *dunkalanz | *dunkalǭ | *dunkalōz | *dunkalą, -atō | *dunkalō |
| Genitive | *dunkalas, -is | *dunkalaizǫ̂ | *dunkalaizōz | *dunkalaizǫ̂ | *dunkalas, -is | *dunkalaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *dunkalammai | *dunkalaimaz | *dunkalaizōi | *dunkalaimaz | *dunkalammai | *dunkalaimaz |
| Instrumental | *dunkalanō | *dunkalaimiz | *dunkalaizō | *dunkalaimiz | *dunkalanō | *dunkalaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *dunkalô | *dunkalaniz | *dunkalǭ | *dunkalōniz | *dunkalô | *dunkalōnō |
| Accusative | *dunkalanų | *dunkalanunz | *dunkalōnų | *dunkalōnunz | *dunkalô | *dunkalōnō |
| Genitive | *dunkaliniz | *dunkalanǫ̂ | *dunkalōniz | *dunkalōnǫ̂ | *dunkaliniz | *dunkalanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *dunkalini | *dunkalammaz | *dunkalōni | *dunkalōmaz | *dunkalini | *dunkalammaz |
| Instrumental | *dunkalinē | *dunkalammiz | *dunkalōnē | *dunkalōmiz | *dunkalinē | *dunkalammiz |
Synonyms
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
- Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel
- Saterland Frisian: djunkel
- Old Saxon: dunkal
- Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel
- Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal
Further reading
- Guus Kroonen (2013) “dunkla-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109