Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fertaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *perd- (“to fart”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸer.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*fertaną^[1]^[2]

to break wind, fart

Inflection

Conjugation of *fertaną (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*fertō	*fertaų	—	*fertai	?
2nd singular	*firtizi	*fertaiz	*fert	*fertazai	*fertaizau
3rd singular	*firtidi	*fertai	*fertadau	*fertadai	*fertaidau
1st dual	*fertōz	*fertaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*fertadiz	*fertaidiz	*fertadiz	—	—
1st plural	*fertamaz	*fertaim	—	*fertandai	*fertaindau
2nd plural	*firtid	*fertaid	*firtid	*fertandai	*fertaindau
3rd plural	*fertandi	*fertain	*fertandau	*fertandai	*fertaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fart	*furtį̄
2nd singular	*farst	*furtīz
3rd singular	*fart	*furtī
1st dual	*furtū	*furtīw
2nd dual	*furtudiz	*furtīdiz
1st plural	*furtum	*furtīm
2nd plural	*furtud	*furtīd
3rd plural	*furtun	*furtīn

	present	past
participles	*fertandz	*furtanaz

Related terms

*fartōną

Descendants

Old English: feortan
- Middle English: verten, ferten, farten
  - English: fart
  - Scots: fart
Old Saxon: *fertan
- Middle Low German: ferten, verten
Old Dutch: *fertan
- Middle Dutch: verten
Old High German: ferzan
- Middle High German: vërzen, varzen
  - German: farzen
  - Yiddish: פֿאַרצן (fartsn)
Old Norse: freta, frata, *fjarta
- Icelandic: freta
- Faroese: frata, freta
- Norn: frada
- Norwegian Nynorsk: frata, fjarta
- Old Swedish: fiærta
  - Swedish: fjärta
- Danish: fjerte, fjærte
  - Norwegian Bokmål: fjerte
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: fjerta

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fertan- ~ *fretan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*fertanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 101

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fertan- ~ *fretan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*fertanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 101

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