Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/garwijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *garwaz (“ready, prepared”) +‎ *-janą.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑr.wi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*garwijaną^[1]^[2]

to prepare

Inflection

Conjugation of *garwijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*garwijō	*garwijaų	—	*garwijai	?
2nd singular	*garwīsi	*garwijais	*garwī	*garwijasai	*garwijaisau
3rd singular	*garwīþi	*garwijai	*garwijaþau	*garwijaþai	*garwijaiþau
1st dual	*garwijōs	*garwijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*garwijaþiz	*garwijaiþiz	*garwijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*garwijamaz	*garwijaim	—	*garwijanþai	*garwijainþau
2nd plural	*garwīþ	*garwijaiþ	*garwīþ	*garwijanþai	*garwijainþau
3rd plural	*garwijanþi	*garwijain	*garwijanþau	*garwijanþai	*garwijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*garwidǭ	*garwidēdį̄
2nd singular	*garwidēz	*garwidēdīz
3rd singular	*garwidē	*garwidēdī
1st dual	*garwidēdū	*garwidēdīw
2nd dual	*garwidēdudiz	*garwidēdīdiz
1st plural	*garwidēdum	*garwidēdīm
2nd plural	*garwidēdud	*garwidēdīd
3rd plural	*garwidēdun	*garwidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*garwijandz	*garwidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *garwijan
- Old English: ġierwan, ġyrwan — Late West Saxon
  - ⇒ Middle English: bigeored
- Old Saxon: gerwian, garwian
  - Middle Low German: gerwen
    - → Danish: garve
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: garve
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: garve, garva
    - → Swedish: garva
- Old Dutch: gerwen
  - Middle Dutch: gerwen, geerwen, geruwen, gaerwen
    - Dutch: gerven
- Old High German: garwen, garawen
  - Middle High German: gerwen, garwen, gerben
    - German: gerben
    - Luxembourgish: gierwen
Old Norse: gera, gerva, gøra, gørva, gjǫra, gjǫrva, gǫra, gǫrva
- Icelandic: gjöra, gera
- Faroese: gera
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gjera; (dialectal) gjårå, gjara, gjøra, gjørå, gjørø
- Jamtish: gjara
- Elfdalian: djärå
- Old Swedish: gø̄ra, gæra, giora
  - Swedish: göra
- Old Danish: gøræ
  - Danish: gøre
    - Norwegian Bokmål: gjøre
  - Scanian: gøra
- Old Gutnish: giera
  - Gutnish: gyre, gäre
- → Middle English: gerren, garren, garen
  - English: gar
  - Scots: gar

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*garwjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 170
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒarwjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 127

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*garwjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 170

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒarwjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 127

[1]

[2]