Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/herutaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”) +‎ *-utaz. Cognate with Lithuanian karvė (“cow”), Russian коро́ва (koróva, “cow, neat”), Latin cervus (“deer, stag”), Welsh carw (“hart, stag”). Alternatively, from a regular development of *ḱérh₂tos, with PIE *-H- > PGmc *-u- in non-initial syllables, cf. Old High German anut (“duck”) < PGmc *anud- < Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t-. The latter may be likelier as *-utaz is unknown as an affix in PGmc.

Noun

*herutaz m

hart, stag

Inflection

Declension of *herutaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*herutaz	herutōz, herutōs
vocative	*herut	herutōz, herutōs
accusative	*herutą	*herutanz
genitive	herutas, herutis	*herutǫ̂
dative	*herutai	*herutamaz
instrumental	*herutō	*herutamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *herut
- Old English: heorot, heorut, heort
  - Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
    - English: hart
    - Scots: hert
- Old Frisian: hert
  - Saterland Frisian: Hart
  - West Frisian: hart
- Old Saxon: hirut, hirot
  - Middle Low German: herte, harte
    - ⇒ German Low German: Hartbuck
- Old Dutch: hirut
  - Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
    - Dutch: hert, hart
      - Afrikaans: hert
    - Limburgish: hèrtj
- Old High German: hiruz, hirz
  - Middle High German: hirz
    - Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: hirsch
      Mòcheno: hirsch
    - German: Hirsch
      - → Luxembourgish: Hirsch
      - → North Frisian: hirsk
      - → Plautdietsch: Hersch
      - → Saterland Frisian: Hirsk
    - Luxembourgish: Hierz (archaic)
    - Yiddish: הירש (hirsh)
Old Norse: hjǫrtr
- Icelandic: hjörtur
- Faroese: hjørtur
- Norwegian: hjort
- Old Swedish: hiorter
  - Swedish: hjort
- Danish: hjort
- Gutnish: hjort

References

^ Ringe, D. (2017). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic Vol 1. 2^nd ed. Oxford: OUP. p. 98
^ Bennett. W.H. (1978). 'The Germanic reflex of Indo-European /ǝ/ in originally medial syllables', in Jazayery, M.A., Polomé, E., and Winter. W. (edd.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald A. Hill. III: Historical and comparative linguistics (The Hague: Mouton) 13-8.

[1] Ringe, D. (2017). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic Vol 1. 2^nd ed. Oxford: OUP. p. 98

[2] Bennett. W.H. (1978). 'The Germanic reflex of Indo-European /ǝ/ in originally medial syllables', in Jazayery, M.A., Polomé, E., and Winter. W. (edd.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald A. Hill. III: Historical and comparative linguistics (The Hague: Mouton) 13-8.