Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrīmô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*hrīmą (North Germanic)

Etymology

According to Kroonen, the nominative stem originally had a root-final -f, which was lost before the m of the mn-stem endings. This in turn stems from an older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable preceding it.

Pokorny derived this from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”).^[1] Kroonen instead reconstructs a root *kreyp-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxriːmɔːː/

Noun

*hrīmô m^[2]

frost, hoarfrost, rime
Synonym: *frustaz
soot
Synonym: *sōtą

Inflection

According to Kroonen, this was an irregular mn-stem noun, displaying apparent consonant alternation between m in the nominative stem and p in oblique stems.

masculine an-stemDeclension of *hrīmô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hrīmô	*hrīmaniz
vocative	*hrīmô	*hrīmaniz
accusative	*hrīmanų	*hrīpunz
genitive	*hrīpaz	*hrīpǫ̂
dative	*hrīmini	*hrīmummaz
instrumental	*hrīpē	*hrīmummiz

Descendants

From nominative stem hrīm-:

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm
- Old English: hrīm
  - Middle English: rime, ryme
    - Scots: ryme, rime
    - English: rime
- Old Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)
- Old Dutch: *rīm
  - Middle Dutch: rijm
    - Dutch: rijm
- Old High German: *hrīm, *rīm
  - Middle High German: rīm
    - Bavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)
    - ⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)
- → Old French: frime; frimas
  - Middle French: frimas
    - French: frimas
Old Norse: hrím n
- Danish: rim
- Icelandic: hrím
- Faroese: rím
- Norwegian: rim
- Swedish: rim

From oblique stem hrīp-:

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō
- Old Frisian: *hrīpa
  - Saterland Frisian: Riep
- Old Saxon: *hrīpo
  - Middle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe
- Old Dutch: *rīpo
  - Middle Dutch: ripe
    - Dutch: rijp
      - Afrikaans: ryp
- Old High German: rīfo
  - Middle High German: rīfe, rīf
    - German: Reif
→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-
- ⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk (< *riip-tä-?)
  - Finnish: riittää

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1619”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1619
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “hrīman- ~ hrīpan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 247

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1619”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1619

[2] Guus Kroonen (2013) “hrīman- ~ hrīpan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 247

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