Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knukô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *ģnu-gon-, itself potentially related to *ǵónu (“knee”). The nature of the relation of the root to Lithuanian gniáužti (“to close one's hand”) is unclear.^[1]^[2]

Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *gnew- (“a bundle; knot”), extended from the root *gen- (“to pinch; clench; ball up”), with the suffix *-kô used in some names of body parts, and compared with Ancient Greek κονδός (kondós), Ancient Greek κόνδυλος (kóndulos), Sanskrit कन्द (kanda).

In any case, compare Italian gnocco.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈknu.kɔːː/

Noun

*knukô m

joint, bone

Inflection

masculine an-stemDeclension of *knukô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*knukô	*knukaniz
vocative	*knukô	*knukaniz
accusative	*knukanų	*knukanunz
genitive	*knukiniz	*knukanǫ̂
dative	*knukini	*knukammaz
instrumental	*knukinē	*knukammiz

Derived terms

*knukilaz (“knuckle, knot, bump”)
*knukōną (“to knock, strike”)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *knokō, *knokā f (Elbe Germanic)
- Old Frisian: *knuko, *knoko
  - North Frisian: knook, knooke, knaake, knååke
  - Saterland Frisian: Knoke
- Old Saxon: *knuko
  - Middle Low German: *knocke
    - Low German: Knaak, Knaken
    - Plautdietsch: Knoaken
    - → Norwegian: knoke
- Old Dutch: *knuko
  - Middle Dutch: cnoke
    - Dutch: knook
      - Afrikaans: knok
- Old High German: knohha
  - Middle High German: knoche
    - Alemannic German: Chnoche
    - Central Franconian:
      Hunsrik: Knoche
      Kölsch: Knoche
      Luxembourgish: Knachen
    - German: Knochen
  - → Emilian: gnôc, gnòc
  - → Italian: nocca
  - → Venetan: gnoco
    - → Italian: gnocco
Old Norse: knúi (“knuckle”)
- (Icelandic: kjúka)
- Old Swedish: knōe, knōghe
  - Swedish: knoge
- Danish: kno
- Gutnish: knoke, knoka, knokå

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*knuk(k)an-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*knukōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*knuk(k)an-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*knukōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

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